The Making of the Electronic Edition
George A.
Kiraz
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Making-e-GEDSH
1
e-GEDSH is an electronic representation of the [
](https://www.gorgiaspress.com/gorgias-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-the-syriac-heritage-students-and-scholars)Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
, a project that had a long history.
(See [The Making of the ](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Making-GEDSH-print)Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
.)
Back in 1993—the project was then named the Syriac Hyper-text Project (SHT)—the aim was to produce an online encyclopedia with entries linked to each other via
hyperlinks, but by 1998, the print edition took over and the online objective was but forgotten.
Things took a positive turn in 2011 when David A. Michelson of the [Syriaca.org](http://syriaca.org/) project approached [Beth Mardutho](http://bethmardutho.org/)
to include the encyclopedia in what eventually became the Srophé App platform and Syriac Linked Data cloud. Together, Peter Brown and David secured funding from the
[Fondazione Internazionale Balzan](http://www.balzan.org/it/news/il-mondo-siriaco-ritrovato---intervista-eng) and the
[National Endowment for the Humanities](http://www.neh.gov/) for the creation of the electronic edition. This was a dream come true.
David took the initial steps in converting the electronic text of the print edition into XML and designed the initial schema for entries according to TEI best practices.
Christopher Johnson worked as a postdoctoral research assistant in the earliest phases of the electronic conversion and a student programmer, Kim Kosta, provided scripting support.
Michelson also advised on the structure of the database that holds the data behind the scenes as well as incorporating linked open data allowing the encyclopedia to link to other online sources.
A graduate research assistant, Sam Peterson, assisted David in the subject classification mark up work, making the encyclopedia content harvestable by other projects.
Daniel L. Schwartz joined the project in 2016 and since then served as lead Technical Editor with primary responsibility for the conversion of the print edition into electronic format,
customizing the TEI XML schema as a data model for the encyclopedia, integrating linked open data into the electronic version, TEI XML encoding of the front and back matter, and
supervising the overall design of the user interface and database for the electronic edition. David and Daniel, as Technical Editors, undertook the design of the electronic version with an
eye to ensuring that it followed current best practices in the Digital Humanities.
Transforming a print-edition text, even when the electronic layout files were available from the press, to a complex TEI XML structure poses many challenges such as converting implicit
layout into semantic encoding and ensuring uniformity of data markup. The project needed a meticulous, digitally savvy editor who is also an expert in many sub-domains of Syriac studies.
Ute Possekel joined the project in 2016 and served as Digital Edition Editor for the electronic edition. Her responsibilities included reviewing all entries of the encyclopedia in order to make
typographical revisions to the print edition, to ensure uniformity of style in the digital edition, and to revise and augment the encoding of the TEI XML version of the electronic text.
She went beyond these tasks and corrected any inconsistencies in the print edition.
None of this work would have led to anything without a specialized programmer who is responsible for the creation of the actual site. Winona Salesky, a uniquely skilled software developer
who has consulted for the Library of Congress and other academic libraries, served as Senior Programmer for the customization of the Srophé App, the XML database containing the electronic
edition. Her responsibilities included writing queries and transformations in XQuery, XSLT, and SPARQL as well as serialization of the encyclopedia data into various electronic formats.
The process benefited from existing open-access software including eXist-db and Bootstrap.
The technology available for the encoding of this electronic edition has moved beyond what was available in the days of the SHT project. Had SHT gone live, each lemma would have simply
been coded manually in HTML and the data would have been static. Advancements in Internet computing and the Digital Humanities now offer this project a set of rich tools such as TEI XML,
XML native databases, and Linked Open Data, to name but a few.
Behind all of this work lies the continual encouragement of Syriac studies by the eminent historian, Peter Brown, Philip and Beulah Rollins Professor of History, Emeritus at Princeton University.
Brown served as a senior advisor on the initial grant application to the National Endowment for the Humanities which envisioned the electronic version. It was also Peter who arranged for additional
funding to bring the project to completion through the generous support of the [Fondazione Internazionale Balzan](http://www.balzan.org/it/news/il-mondo-siriaco-ritrovato---intervista-eng).
A number of institutions provided infrastructure and administrative support to the project. Vanderbilt University’s Office of the Vice Provost for Research, Vanderbilt University Information
Technology Division, Vanderbilt Divinity School, and The Jean and Alexander Heard Library at Vanderbilt University provides support for staff administration, hosting, and systems administration
including hosting the Srophé web application. The Center of Digital Humanities Research at Texas A&M University hosts the encyclopedia images on its IIIF server and provided development
support. The Ancient World Mapping Center at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, assisted in providing digital versions of the maps from the print edition.
The achievements of the digital edition team—David A. Michelson, Daniel L. Schwartz, Ute Possekel and Winona Salesky—will have rippling effects beyond this electronic
release. Our task here was to produce an accurate digital representation of the 2011 print edition, but now the door is open, should the Syriac studies community be ready
for such a task, to produce a new version of this encyclopedia that can grow digitally, for—in the words of al-Imād al-Iṣfahānī (1125–1201)—
“no one writes a book on a certain day, but does not say in the next day, ‘if this were changed, it would be better; and if this were inserted, it would be commendable; and if this preceded,
it would be preferable; and if this were deleted, it would be more beautiful.’”
The Making of the Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
George A.
Kiraz
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Making-GEDSH-print
2
The making of the
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the
Syriac Heritage
(GEDSH) was a long journey that began as a high
school kid’s summer project, and ended up, twenty-eight years later, with the
current volume containing contributions by seventy-six scholars from around the
globe. In between, the language in which it was written changed once, its medium
flip-flopped between print and electronic a few times, and its ‘operational
center’ moved from continent to continent. Along the way, many individuals
helped and contributed in making GEDSH what it is today. This brief story
acknowledges their contributions.
The first incarnation of the project aimed at compiling, in Arabic, what we may
call an encyclopedia of Syriac biographies, with an Arabic titleArabic title: Arīj al-rayḥān fī tarājim
al-aʿyān wa-siyar mašāhīr al-suryān lil-afidyāqon George bin Anton āl
Kiraz. more impressive than the content itself. A lemma
list was compiled in the summer of 1983 in Bethlehem, drawing from the available
Arabic resources. The list constituted 526 headings, each with a reference or
two to the sources. Between 1984 and 1990, now in Los Angeles but still using
Arabic, the list was transferred onto 3x5 index cards and was expanded to cover
Syriac scholars (both Eastern and Western), modern writers, and a few place
names. During this period, the late Anton A. Kiraz helped by adding lemma
headings from Nuro’s
Jawlatī
A. Nouro, My Tour in the Parishes
of the Syrian Church in Syria & Lebanon / Krukhyo dil(y) /
Jawlati (Beirut, 1967).
and Saka’s
al-Suryān.
I. Saka,
al-Suryān īmān wa-ḥaḍāra,
vol.
1–5 (Aleppo,
1983–1986).
By the end of this stage, the lemma list
consisted of 1,300 headings, each with at least one reference giving the lemma’s
primary source. Still, no articles were actually written. Later, the index cards
would be used to add entries to GEDSH, especially for the first letter of the
alphabet. A future encyclopedia covering biographies of minor personalities can
make use of the index cards, which are now preserved in the Beth Mardutho
Research Library, Piscataway, NJ.
The second incarnation of the project,
codenamed
code named
the Syriac Hyper-text Project
(SHT), began in 1993 in Cambridge, England, under the auspices of the Syriac
Computing Institute, the forerunner of Beth Mardutho. As its title indicates, it
had in mind a different objective (a hypertext) and hence a different medium
(electronic). A hypertext is a text that includes references, or hyperlinks, to
other text that can be easily accessible, say with a mouse click. While the term
was coined in 1965 (by Ted Nelson) and implemented in earlier systems,
hypertexts became ubiquitous when they were used in the World Wide Web (WWW),
first implemented in 1992. It was this implementation of the WWW that gave rise
to the idea of SHT. A team of volunteers worked on two tracks: a technical track
for the implementation of the software necessary to deploy SHT and a second one
for the gathering of content. As for the technical work, A. Bolton implemented a
prototype system that permitted the tagging of texts with hyperlinks. One was
able to import such tagged texts into a database, from which one could generate
electronic and printable versions. A database backend permitted the management
of bibliographical references within the encyclopedia. The technical aspects of
this system have been described elsewhere.
A.
Bolton and G. Kiraz, ‘The Syriac Hyper-text Project: Report I’, in
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference
and Exhibition on Multi-lingual Computing, ed. A. Ubaydli
(1994).
In terms of content, standard Syriac references
were used to compile draft articles by a team of volunteers that included Andrew Criddle, Ken Moxham, and Daniel Ponsford. About 1,200 articles
were compiled between 1993 and 1995 in ca. 150,000 words (compare with GEDSH
which has 622 entries with ca. 350,000 words). A full list of the resources used
to compile the content is provided in the project’s reports.
K. Moxham, ‘Syriac Hypertext Project: Report II’, in SyrCOM-95: Proceedings of the First International
Forum on Syriac Computing, ed. G. A. Kiraz (1995),
65–69; R. A. Kitchen, ‘Syriac Hypertext Project: Report
III’, in SyrCOM-96: Proceedings of the Second
International Forum on Syriac Computing, ed. G. A. Kiraz
(1996), 4–9.
SHT was closer in spirit to today’s Wikipedia
in that it relied on anonymous volunteers. The length and quality of the
articles were rather mixed, with some articles consisting of a sentence or two,
while others were a few pages. Sebastian P. Brock reviewed the material to
determine which articles, after an editorial process, could stay, and which
needed to be re-written by a specialist.
The third incarnation of the project took place in the fall of 1996 during an
informal lunch meeting at Oxford. It was during this meeting that the decision
to produce a printed edition, consisting of selections from SHT, was made, and
Robert Kitchen kindly agreed to manage the lemma list. (It should be noted that
the idea of a printed Syriac encyclopedia had been circulating for some time
among Syriac scholars and was publicly suggested to the scholarly community by
Witold Witakowski during the 1992 Symposium Syriacum in Cambridge, UK.) While
the online goal was never abandoned, by the spring of 1998, the printed version
took a life of its own and the project was renamed the Encyclopedic Dictionary
of the Syriac Heritage (EDSH). The following year, during the North American
Syriac Symposium (SyrCOM-99 session) at Notre Dame, Robert Kitchen read a paper
presenting the development of the project to the scholarly community,
R. A. Kitchen, ‘The soul of a new encyclopedia. The
Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage’,
SyrCOM-99: Proceedings of the Third International Forum on Syriac
Computing
in SyrCOM-99: Proceedings of the Third International Forum on Syriac
Computing
, ed. G. A. Kiraz (1999), 34–40.
after which an editorial committee was formed consisting of Sebastian P. Brock,
J. F. Coakley, George A. Kiraz, Robert Kitchen, Lucas Van Rompay, and Witold
Witakowski. A set of guidelines was provided to the project by Everett Ferguson,
editor of the
Encyclopedia of Early Christianity,
which was re-edited by J. F. Coakley on behalf of the committee to meet the
requirements of EDSH. Scholars were invited to write articles. Soon it became
clear to the group that the task was quite daunting. During the Third Peshitta
Symposium in Leiden in 2001, it was decided to reduce the ambitious lemma list
of 1,500 to a more manageable quantity between 300 and 500 entries. Sebastian P.
Brock, George A. Kiraz, and Lucas Van Rompay became the editors of the now
smaller EDSH. Robert Kitchen produced an initial lemma list of 300 or so items,
which was then revised by the three-member editorial committee.
In a 2007
Hugoye
Hugoye
paper on the status and challenges of Syriac studies, Lucas Van
Rompay briefly discussed the project.
L. Van
Rompay, ‘Syriac studies: The challenges of the coming decade’, Hugoye 10 (2007).
In the same
year, the editors increased their efforts, finalized the list of entries, and
contacted a limited number of new contributors with the request to write missing
entries. Editorial management assistance was provided by the staff of Gorgias
Press which became the designated publisher; hence, GEDSH. As things progressed
and more articles came in, the list of lemmata began to increase again,
culminating in the 622 articles now included. The draft articles were made
available online through WikiSyriaca, an online
web site
website
that made use of
MediaWiki, the same software used for Wikipedia, and was hosted by Beth
Mardutho. During this period, Gareth Hughes acted as Wiki Editor. WikiSyriaca
was short-lived as during the following year a cyber attack on the Gorgias
network rendered it inoperable, but work continued ahead with the printed
edition. In 2008, the management of the project was taken up by Lucas Van
Rompay, and Aaron M. Butts was added to the editorial committee, first as
editorial assistant and since 2009 as full member. Together, the four-member
committee read and edited the entire draft. All seventy-six authors were given a
last chance to make changes or additions to their entries in 2009, and a full
manuscript was sent off for typesetting in early 2010. Maps, provided by the
Ancient World Mapping Center (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), and
illustrations were added in the fall of 2010. The coordination of the final
editorial process was undertaken by Lucas Van Rompay, and the typesetting was
done by Sr. Kassia Senina.
Beth Mardutho plans to continue the project aiming at a larger encyclopedia both
in printed and electronic forms, hoping to resurrect some of the earlier
content, from
arīj al rayḥān and SHT, and in no
doubt by further contributions from the scholarly community. For now, it is
hoped that readers will find GEDSH a good
gedsho!
Editors’ Preface
Sebastian P.
Brock
,
Aaron M.
Butts
,
George A.
Kiraz
, and
Lucas
Van Rompay
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Editors-Preface-print
3
The
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac
Heritage is a joint venture of seventy-six students and scholars of
Syriac Christianity, living in many different countries and working together
over a number of years. Conceived in its present form in the mid-1990s, the
plans were subsequently adjusted and revised. One result of the changes is that
the present GEDSH is less ambitious and less comprehensive than had originally
been planned. A number of choices were made.
The focus of GEDSH is on the Syriac Christian cultural tradition as it
historically developed in the Syriac homelands of the Middle East, was carried
on by a great number of religious communities of different backgrounds, and is
still preserved, cherished, and studied by Syriac Christians today, in the
Middle East, in India, and in the worldwide Diaspora. Without excluding
manifestations of Syriac Christianity in other languages and cultures, the
primary focus is on the Classical Syriac expression of Syriac Christianity.
While one could legitimately argue for a much broader approach, which would give
more attention to anthropological, sociological, theological, art-historical
aspects (some of which have been given limited consideration), our primary focus
has been on the connection between Syriac Christianity and the Syriac language.
The Classical Syriac language and literary tradition are indeed the most
powerful cohesive forces that join together the various communities representing
Syriac Christianity.
The focus on Classical Syriac at the same time allows us to incorporate the
various traditions — of an amazing linguistic, literary, and religious diversity
— that are reflected in, and often intertwined with, Syriac Christianity.
Several Greek writers and writings that became classics in Syriac Christianity,
works of Jewish origin, authors of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, and
Malayalam background and upbringing, and a rare pagan author writing in Syriac
all together contribute to the truly multilingual and multicultural foundation
of Syriac Christianity. GEDSH aims to reflect this richness and diversity.
This approach explains the prominence in GEDSH of authors, literary works,
scholars, and locations that are associated with Classical Syriac and the
Classical Syriac literary tradition. We fully realize that authors writing in
Modern Syriac and much of Modern Syriac literature continue to a large extent
this same tradition. We very much hope that other scholars will be stimulated to
edit a companion volume devoted to this subject. In the meantime reference can
be made to R. Macuch’s
Geschichte der spät- und
neusyrischen Literatur (1976) along with several publications by
Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Alessandro Mengozzi, Fabrizio Pennacchietti, Bruno
Poizat, and others, in particular the overview provided by Hannibal J. Gevargis,
Ruhaniyun-e Bar-Jestah-yi Ashuri dar do qarn-i
akhir (‘Assyrian religious writers of the last two centuries’;
Tehran, 2000).
In the absence of up-to-date scholarly tools and handbooks on Syriac literature,
ecclesiastical history, historical geography, and prosopography, GEDSH cannot
claim to offer full and balanced reports for all these fields. But it is our
intention to lay at least the groundwork as well as to provide some stepping
stones for further work. Fully aware of the provisional and necessarily
incomplete nature of many of the GEDSH entries, we have made an effort to
provide the necessary bibliographical references for each entry so as to
encourage further study and exploration.
A fuller and more systematic encyclopedia would obviously include many more
entries on general concepts and ideas, literary genres, liturgical key-terms,
etc. While in many of the entries an effort has been made to go well beyond the
level of factual description, a more deliberate conceptual approach would have
required a different type of preparation which, in the present state of
scholarship on Syriac Christianity, may not have been entirely compatible with
our primary approach. We realize and acknowledge, however, that a more developed
and expanded type of encyclopedia for Syriac Christianity remains a
desideratum.
Several technical matters require comment. All dates are Common Era (
i.e.
i.e.,
AD)
unless noted otherwise. For the sake of economy, a number of abbreviations have
been employed in the text. These include General Abbreviations for commonly used
titles (
e.g.
e.g.,
bp. = bishop), terms (
e.g.
e.g.,
NT
= New Testament), churches (
e.g.
e.g.,
Melk. = Melkite), etc. These abbreviations are explained on p. XVII. In
addition, frequently quoted publications are referred to by the author’s last
name and a short title (full references are found on p. XX–XXII).
For Syriac proper nouns, we have retained the Syriac form,
e.g.
e.g.,
Yuḥannan (E.
Syr.) or Yuḥanon (W. Syr.), but not John. The only general exception to this
rule is Ephrem. Similarly, we have retained the Arabic form for Arabic proper
nouns. In most cases, we have provided cross-references,
e.g.
e.g.,
John see also
Iwannis, Yoḥannan (E. Syr.), and Yuḥanon (W. Syr). For Greek proper names, we
have adopted the most common English form,
e.g.
e.g.,
John Chrysostom.
The Syriac consonants are transliterated ʾ, b, g, d,
h, w, z, ḥ, ṭ, y, k, l, m, n, s,
ʿ, p, ṣ, q, r, š, and t. In personal names and geographic
names, šin is transliterated sh
instead of š. Ālap, waw, and yud are not indicated
when they serve as matres lectionis. In addition, ālap is not indicated when it is word initial,
e.g.
e.g.,
alāhāʾit. Spirantization (
i.e.
i.e.,
rukkākā) is generally not marked, though in several more well-known
words it is marked (
e.g.
e.g.,
beth). Gemination of consonants
is represented for E. Syr. but not for W. Syr. The vowels are transliterated a, ā, e,
ē (
i.e.
i.e.,
rbāṣā karyā), i, o, and u
for E. Syr. and a, o, e, i, and u
for W. Syr. The distinction between a and ā is not indicated in the transliteration of Syriac
geographic names. The E.-Syr. transliteration system has been used in entries
pertaining to material prior to the East/West division as well as for entries
that span both the E.- and W.-Syr. traditions. Schwa is not generally marked,
except in certain proper names, for which the more common transliteration with
schwa is used. The Arabic consonants are transliterated ʾ, b, t, th, j, ḥ, kh, d, dh,
r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ̣, ʿ, gh, f,
q, k, l, m, n, h, w, and y. Arabic ḥamza (ʾ) is not indicated when it
is word initial. The Arabic vowels are transliterated a,
ā, i, ī, u, and ū.
Entries are alphabetized according to the Latin alphabet. Personal names that are
normally accompanied by a Roman number (in particular names of patriarchs) go
before the simple names (
e.g.
e.g.,
Aba I and Aba II before Aba). In composite names
the English preposition ‘of’ is not counted in the alphabetization; the Syriac
noun ‘bar’, however, is counted. Diacritics do not register in alphabetization,
nor do ʾ or ʿ.
With regard to the illustrations, as we had limited means and resources, we
selected some images from existing publications (to the extent that we were able
to secure permission), adding to them a number of images from private
collections, kindly and generously put at our disposal by colleagues and
friends. The way in which the illustrations were collected, therefore, is once
again a testimony to the collegial and collaborative effort on which GEDSH is
built. All images were edited and digitally enhanced by Douglas Ojala.
GEDSH is about Syriac Christianity as it historically developed and as it has
been transmitted throughout the centuries, up to the present day. Syriac
Christianity today is both the object of academic study and an essential part in
the lives of communities and individuals. Both realities are part of GEDSH and
will be appreciated, we are confident, by our diverse readership. It is our
conviction that for a balanced study of Syriac Christianity the involvement of
people with different backgrounds is required, reflecting not only the
multi-faceted nature of Syriac Christianity itself, but also the world in which
we want to preserve and cherish Syriac Christianity’s treasures.
While a more detailed report of the various phases of the preparation of GEDSH is
offered in the preceding essay by G. A. Kiraz, it is appropriate to name here a
few institutions and individuals whose contributions, particularly in the final
stage of the work, have been crucial. As a Beth Mardutho project, GEDSH received
all due care and attention from the skilled staff of Gorgias Press. Robert A.
Kitchen (Saskatchewan, Canada), Witold Witakowski (Uppsala), and James (Chip) F.
Coakley (then Cambridge, MA and more recently Cambridge, UK) have all been
instrumental, each in his own way, in helping (G)EDSH make the transition and
the transformation from the twentieth century into the twenty-first. For
(G)EDSH’s short-lived but significant WikiSyriaca existence (giving
us a foretaste of what a Syriac encyclopedia in the twenty-first century should
look like) credit goes to Gareth Hughes (Oxford). Over the last couple of years
we approached a number of colleagues with the request to write, often at short
notice, new entries or rewrite existing ones, or to provide information that was
otherwise difficult to come by. While responses to such requests were
overwhelmingly prompt and positive, we would like to single out some colleagues
who, at that late hour, far beyond their individual entries, provided us
essential feedback and help in bringing the entire project to a successful
conclusion: Adam H. Becker (New York, NY), Jeff W. Childers (Abilene, TX), Maria
E. Doerfler (Durham, NC), Emanuel A. Fiano (Durham, NC), Bas ter Haar Romeny
(Leiden), Amir Harrak (Toronto), Mat Immerzeel (Leiden), Karel Innemée (Leiden),
Andreas Juckel (Münster), Hubert Kaufhold (München), Alessandro Mengozzi
(Torino), Craig E. Morrison (Rome), Heleen Murre-van den Berg (Leiden), István
Perczel (Budapest), Ute Possekel (Boston), Gerrit J. Reinink (Groningen), Hidemi
Takahashi (Tokyo), Jack B.V. Tannous (Washington, DC), and Herman G.B. Teule
(Nijmegen). Duke University’s Department of Religion provided a research
assistantship allowing us to enlist the help of Sam Burleson, and contributed to
the project in other ways as well. For the maps we were fortunate to work with
Richard Talbert, Brian Turner, and Ross Twele of the Ancient World Mapping
Center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Now that this important stage of the GEDSH project is coming to an end, we
dedicate its publication to the victims of Sayfo, the centenary of which is
approaching. Respectfully remembering all victims, we particularly cherish and
celebrate the memory of the lost generations of Syriac writers. May their voices
resonate in our hearts!
August 2010
List of Contributors [2011]
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-Contributors
4
1. [
Joseph P.
Amar
] is Director of Syriac and Arabic Studies
and the Program in Early Christian Studies at the University of Notre Dame,
Indiana.
2. [
Mor Polycarpus Augin
Aydin
] is the Syriac Orthodox
Archbishop of The Netherlands, with residence in the Monastery of St. Ephrem at
Glane-Losser. He is currently finishing his Ph.D. dissertation at Princeton
Theological Seminary.
3. [
Adam H.
Becker
] is Associate Professor of Classics and
Religious Studies, and Director of the Religious Studies Program, at New York
University.
4. [
George A.
Bevan
] is Assistant Professor in the Department
of Classics at Queen’s University, Canada.
5. [
Monica J.
Blanchard
] is Curator of the Semitics
Collections at the Institute of Christian Oriental Research of the Catholic
University of America, Washington, DC.
6. [
Françoise
Briquel-Chatonnet
] is Directrice de recherche at
the French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (Orient et Méditerranée,
Études sémitiques anciennes), Paris.
7. [
Sebastian P.
Brock
] is Emeritus Reader in Syriac Studies
at Oxford University.
8. [
Erwin
Buck
] is Professor of New Testament at Lutheran
Theological Seminary (University of Saskatchewan), Saskatoon, Canada (retired)
and serves as the Content Coordinator of the Eleventh Assembly of the Lutheran
World Federation in Geneva, Switzerland.
9. [
David D.
Bundy
] is Associate Provost for Library Services
and Associate Professor of History at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena,
California.
10. [
Samuel
Burleson
] received his M.A. degree in Religion
from the Department of Religion of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, in
May 2010. His main interest is in Syriac and Coptic Christianity.
11. [
Aaron M.
Butts
] is Lector of Semitics in the Department
of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University.
12. [
Thomas A.
Carlson
] is a Ph.D. candidate in the History
Department at Princeton University.
13. [
Marica C.
Cassis
] is Assistant Professor of History at
Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
14. [
Jeff W.
Childers
] is Professor of New Testament and Early
Christianity in the Graduate School of Theology, Abilene Christian University,
Abilene, Texas.
15. [
James F.
Coakley
] teaches Syriac at Cambridge University,
United Kingdom.
16. [
Brian Edric
Colless
], Ph.D. and Th.D., was formerly a
lecturer in Religious Studies and is now a research scholar attached to the
School of History at Massey University in New Zealand.
17. [
Riccardo
Contini
] is Professor of Semitic Philology at
the University of Naples ‘L’Orientale’, Italy.
18. [
Khalid
Dinno
] (Ph.D. Engineering) is a Ph.D. candidate in
the Aramaic-Syriac Program in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern
Civilizations at the University of Toronto.
19. [
Erica Cruikshank
Dodd
] is Adjunct Associate Professor in
the Department of History in Art, and Associate Fellow in the Centre for the
Study of Religion and Society, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada.
20. [
Maria E.
Doerfler
] is a Ph.D. candidate in the field of
Early Christianity at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
21. [
Robert
Doran
] is Samuel Williston Professor of Greek and
Hebrew in the Department of Religion at Amherst College, Massachusetts.
22. [
Jean
Fathi
] is preparing an edition in the field of
Syriac studies for the Diplôme de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris,
France.
23. [
John R. K.
Fenwick
] is a former ecumenical secretary to
the Archbishop of Canterbury and was for a time co-secretary of the internal
Anglican-Orthodox dialogue. He has been a regular visitor to South India,
researching the history of the St. Thomas Christian community. He is currently a
Diocesan Bishop in the Free Church of England.
24. [
Emanuel A.
Fiano
] is a Ph.D. student in the field of
Early Christianity at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, focusing on
Syriac and Coptic Christianities.
25. [
Jan J.
van Ginkel
] holds a Ph.D. degree from the
University of Groningen (1995) and subsequently worked as a postdoctoral
researcher in Syriac studies at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
26. [
Sidney H.
Griffith
] is Professor and Chair of the
Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures at the Catholic
University of America in Washington, DC.
27. [
Bas
ter Haar Romeny
] is Professor of Old Testament and
Eastern Christian Traditions at Leiden University, The Netherlands.
28. [
Mary T.
Hansbury
] is an independent scholar of Syriac
studies and an iconographer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
29. [
Amir
Harrak
] is Professor of Aramaic and Syriac in the
Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations of the University of
Toronto, Canada.
30. [
Susan Ashbrook
Harvey
] is the Willard Prescott and Annie
McClelland Smith Professor and Chair for the Department of Religious Studies at
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
31. [
John F.
Healey
] is Professor of Semitic Studies at the
University of Manchester, England. His main interest is in Syriac and Nabataean
Aramaic inscriptions and in the history of writing.
32. [
Bo
Holmberg
] is Professor of Semitic Languages at the
Centre for Languages and Literature of Lund University, Sweden.
33. [
Mat
Immerzeel
] is Director of the Paul van Moorsel Centre
for Christian Art and Culture in the Middle East at Leiden University, The
Netherlands.
34. [
Thomas
Joseph
] is the Senior Manager of Information
Architecture at one of the largest US-based investment management firms. He is
also a Syriac enthusiast, a member of the Board of Directors of Beth Mardutho
[[www.bethmardutho.org](http://www.bethmardutho.org)]
[[http://bethmardutho.org](http://bethmardutho.org)]
,
technical editor of
Hugoye: Journal of Syriac
Studies [
[
bethmardutho.cua.edu/Hugoye
bethmardutho.org/index.php/hugoye/about-hugoye.html
](http://bethmardutho.org/index.php/hugoye/about-hugoye.html)], as
well as Web Master of Syriac Orthodox Resources [
[sor.cua.edu](http://sor.cua.edu/)].
35. [
Andreas
Juckel
] is Research Associate at the Oriental
Department of the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, University of
Muenster, Germany.
36. [
Hubert
Kaufhold
] is Honorarprofessor für Antike
Rechtsgeschichte, insbesondere das Recht des Christlichen Orients, at the
Juridical Faculty of the University of Munich, Germany. He is also co-editor of
the periodical
Oriens Christianus.
37. [
Grigory
Kessel
] is research assistant at the Seminar für
Ostkirchengeschichte of the Philipps Universität in Marburg, Germany.
38. [
George A.
Kiraz
] is the President of Beth Mardutho: The
Syriac Institute and editor-in-chief of Gorgias Press, Piscataway, N.J.
39. [
Robert A.
Kitchen
] is Minister of Knox-Metropolitan
United Church in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
40. [
Naomi
Koltun-Fromm
] is Associate Professor of Religion at
Haverford College, Pennsylvania. She specializes in comparative Jewish and
Christian biblical exegesis.
41. [
David J.
Lane
] passed away on 9 Jan. 2005. Between 1971 and
1983 he taught Aramaic and Syriac at the Department of Near Eastern Studies of
the University of Toronto and subsequently joined the staff of the College of
the Resurrection in Mirfield, United Kingdom.
42. [
Michael
Lattke
] is Emeritus Professor of New Testament
and Early Christianity at The University of Queensland, Australia.
43. [
Clemens
Leonhard
] is Professor for liturgical studies at
the Faculty for Catholic Theology of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in
Münster, Germany.
44. [
Jonathan A.
Loopstra
] is an Assistant Professor of History
at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani.
45. [
Edward G.
Mathews, Jr.
], is Recurring Visiting Professor
of Early Christian Languages and Literatures and Director of Research at St.
Nersess Armenian Seminary in New Rochelle, New York.
46. [
Alessandro
Mengozzi
] teaches Semitic Philology at the
University of Turin, Italy. His main interest is in Neo-Aramaic and in late and
modern East-Syriac poetry.
47. [
Volker L.
Menze
] is Associate Professor of Late Antique
History in the Department of Medieval Studies of the Central European
University, Budapest, Hungary.
48. [
David A.
Michelson
] is Assistant Professor of Late
Antiquity and Ancient History in the History Department of the University of
Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
49. [
Craig E.
Morrison
] is Associate Professor in Syriac
language and literature at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome.
50. [
Ray Jabre
Mouawad
] is Professor at the Lebanese American
University of Beirut and researcher at the Center Louis Pouzet for Medieval
Studies at St. Joseph University.
51. [
Heleen L.
Murre-van den Berg
] is Professor in the History of
Modern World Christianity, especially in the Middle East, in the Institute for
Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, of Leiden University, The
Netherlands.
52. [
Andrew N.
Palmer
] teaches Greek and Latin at a school in
Meppel, The Netherlands. He is a Research Associate at the Institute of Eastern
Christian Studies in Nijmegen and at Manchester University, United Kingdom.
53. [
Michael Philip
Penn
] is Associate Professor of Religion at Mount
Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. His current research focuses on
Syriac Christian reactions to the rise of Islam.
54. [
William L.
Petersen
] passed away on 20 Dec. 2006. He was
Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins in the Religious Studies
Program and also Professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient
Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University in University Park,
Pennsylvania.
55. [
Peter E.
Pormann
] is Associate Professor at the
Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Warwick, United
Kingdom. He is mainly interested in Greek-Syriac-Arabic translations and in the
transmission of medicine and philosophy.
56. [
Ute
Possekel
] received her Ph.D. from Princeton
Theological Seminary in 1997. She taught History of Christianity at St. John’s
Seminary in Boston from 1998 to 2004 and currently teaches part-time in the
History Department of Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts.
57. [
Gerrit J.
Reinink
] is Associate Professor emeritus of
Aramaic and Syriac at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
58. [
Barbara H.
Roggema
] is Adjunct Assistant Professor of
History at John Cabot University, Rome, Italy.
59. [
Stephen D.
Ryan, O.P.
], is Associate Professor of Sacred
Scripture at the Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception in the
Dominican House of Studies, Washington, DC.
60. [
Alison G.
Salvesen
] is a University Research Lecturer at
the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, and Polonsky Fellow in Jewish
Bible Versions at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.
61. [
Bas
Snelders
] is a research fellow at the Paul van
Moorsel Center for Christian Art and Culture in the Middle East, of Leiden
University, The Netherlands. He is co-editor of the periodical
Eastern Christian Art.
62. [
Jan-Eric
Steppa
] holds a Ph.D. from the University of
Lund (2001) and continues to conduct research in the field of Late Antique
studies. He presently works as a funeral director in Lund, Sweden.
63. [
Columba Andrew
Stewart
] is Professor of Theology and
Executive Director of the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, Saint John’s
University, Collegeville, Minnesota.
64. [
Hidemi
Takahashi
] is Associate Professor in the Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tokyo.
65. [
Jack B.
Tannous
] is the Post-Doctoral Teaching Fellow in
Byzantine History at Dumbarton Oaks and George Washington University.
66. [
David G. K.
Taylor
] is University Lecturer in Aramaic and
Syriac at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
67. [
Herman G. B.
Teule
] is Professor of Eastern Christianity
at the Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands and at the Catholic
University Leuven, Belgium. He is the Head of the Institute of Eastern Christian
Studies at the Radboud University.
68. [
Lucas
Van Rompay
] is Professor of Eastern Christianity in
the Department of Religion at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
69. [
Baby
Varghese
] is Professor of Liturgical Studies and
Syriac Language and Literature at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam,
India and Saint Ephrem’s Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI), Kottayam.
70. [
Joel T.
Walker
] is Associate Professor of History (Late
Antiquity) at the University of Washington in Seattle. His research focuses on
the Church of the East.
71. [
Timothy Scott
Wardle
] earned his Ph.D. in New Testament
from Duke University in 2008. He presently teaches as an Adjunct Assistant
Professor at Wake Forest University and Elon University, North Carolina.
72. [
John W.
Watt
] is Reader in the School of Religious
and Theological Studies, Cardiff University, Wales.
73. [
Dorothea
Weltecke
] is Professor für die Geschichte der
Religionen und des Religiösen in Europa at the University of Konstanz,
Germany.
74. [
Lionel R.
Wickham
] was until his retirement Lecturer in
the Faculty of Divinity at Cambridge University, United Kingdom.
75. [
Witold
Witakowski
] is Associate Professor of Semitic
Languages in the Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University,
Sweden.
76. [
Ilya
Yakubovich
] holds a Ph.D. from the University of
Chicago (2008) and is currently a researcher at the Institute of World Culture
of Moscow State University, Russia.
Sigla and Abbreviations
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Sigila-Abbreviations
5
[I. General Abbreviations](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/General-Abbreviations)
[II. Sigla and Abbreviations for Journals, Serial Publications, and
Reference Works](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Journals-Serials-Ref-Works)
[III. Frequently quoted publications, referred to by the authors’s last
name and short title](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Frequently-Cited-Publications-Author-Short-Title)
I. General Abbreviations
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/General-Abbreviations
6
AT |
Arabic translation |
b. |
bin (Arabic for ‘son’) |
bp. |
bishop |
ca. |
circa |
cath. |
catholicos |
cath. |
Catholic (
i.e.
i.e.,
Roman Catholic) |
cent. |
century / centuries |
Ch. of E. |
Church of the East |
Chald. |
Chaldean |
coll. |
collection |
CPA |
Christian Palestinian Aramaic |
DT |
Dutch translation |
E. Syr. |
E. Syrian / E. Syriac |
ed. |
edited, edition |
et al. |
et alii ‘and others’ |
ET |
English translation |
fl. |
floruit (referring to the most productive period in a figure’s
life) |
FS |
Festschrift |
FT |
French translation |
GT |
German translation |
IT |
Italian translation |
J. |
(occasionally) Journal |
LT |
Latin translation |
Maron. |
Maronite |
Melk. |
Melkite |
metr. |
Metropolitan |
ms(s). |
manuscript(s) |
ns |
New Series (in part. for journals) |
NT |
New Testament |
OT |
Old Testament |
patr. |
Patriarch |
r. |
ruled |
repr. |
reprint or reprinted |
RT |
Russian translation |
SBL |
Society of Biblical Literature |
ST |
Spanish translation |
Syr. Cath. |
Syriac Catholic |
Syr. Orth. |
Syriac Orthodox |
W. Syr. |
W. Syriac / W. Syrian |
II. Sigla and Abbreviations for Journals, Serial Publications, and Reference Works
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Journals-Serials-Ref-Works
7
AB
|
Analecta Bollandiana. |
ABD
|
Anchor Bible Dictionary. |
ÄF |
Äthiopistische Forschungen. |
AION
|
Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale
di Napoli. |
AJSLL
|
American Journal of Semitic Languages and
Literature. |
AHC
|
Annuarium Historiae
Conciliorum. |
AS
|
Aramaic Studies. |
BBK
|
Biographisch-Bibliographisches
Kirchenlexikon. |
BHO |
Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis, ed. Socii Bollandiani
(Subsidia Hagiographica 10; 1910). |
BJRL
|
Bulletin of the John Rylands
Library. |
BSOAS
|
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
African Studies. |
BTS |
Beiruter Texte und Studien. Herausgegeben vom Orient-Institut der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. |
BUSEK
|
Bulletin de l’Université Saint-Esprit
Kaslik. |
CahArch
|
Cahiers archéologiques. |
CC |
Corpus Christianorum. |
CCSG |
Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca. |
CCSL |
Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina. |
CCO
|
Collectanea Christiana Orientalia. |
CH
|
Church History. |
CPG
|
M. Geerard, Clavis Patrum Graecorum,
I–V (vol. V: M. Geerard and F. Glorie; vol. III A: J. Noret). |
CPG Suppl.
|
M. Geerard and J. Noret, Clavis Patrum
Graecorum. Supplementum. |
CRAIBL
|
Comptes rendus (des séances) de l’Académie
des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres /Académie des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres. Comptes rendus. |
CSCO |
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. (all references are
to the overall number, not the Script. Syr. or Subsidia
number) |
DCB
|
Dictionary of Christian
Biography. |
DHGE
|
Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie
ecclésiastiques. |
DOP
|
Dumbarton Oaks Papers. |
DSpir
|
Dictionnaire de Spiritualité. |
DTC
|
Dictionnaire de théologie
catholique. |
EAe
|
Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, ed. S.
Uhlig. |
EI
|
Encyclopaedia of Islam. |
EI
2
|
Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd
ed.). |
EIr
|
Encyclopaedia Iranica. |
ECA
|
Eastern Christian Art in its Late Antique and
Islamic Contexts. |
ECR
|
Eastern Churches Review. |
ECS |
Eastern Christian Studies. |
ETL
|
Ephemerides Theologicae
Lovanienses. |
ÉtSyr |
Études syriaques. |
FC |
Fontes Christiani. |
GOF |
Göttinger Orientforschungen. |
GOFS |
Göttinger Orientforschungen, I. Reihe. Syriaca. |
GCS |
Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller (der ersten drei
Jahrhunderte). |
Harp
|
The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental
Studies. |
HTR
|
Harvard Theological Review. |
Hugoye
|
Hugoye: Journal of Syriac
Studies. |
JA
|
Journal asiatique. |
JAAS
|
Journal of Assyrian Academic
Studies. |
JAC
|
Jahrbuch für Antike und
Christentum. |
JAOS
|
Journal of the American Oriental
Society. |
JBL
|
Journal of Biblical
Literature. |
JCSSS
|
Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac
Studies. |
JEastCS
|
Journal of Eastern Christian
Studies. |
JECS
|
Journal of Early Christian
Studies. |
JEH
|
Journal of Ecclesiastical
History. |
JJS
|
Journal of Jewish Studies. |
JNES
|
Journal of Near Eastern
Studies. |
JRAS
|
Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society. |
JSNT
|
Journal for the Study of the New
Testament. |
JSOT
|
Journal for the Study of the Old
Testament. |
JSS
|
Journal of Semitic Studies. |
JTS
|
The Journal of Theological
Studies. |
KLCO
|
Kleines Lexikon des Christlichen Orients (2.
Auflage des Kleines Wörterbuches des Christlichen
Orients), ed. H. Kaufhold (2007). |
LM
|
Le Muséon. |
LThK
|
Lexikon für Theologie und
Kirche. |
MPIL |
Monographs of the Peshitta Institute Leiden. |
MUSJ
|
Mélanges de l’Université
Saint-Joseph. |
NTS
|
New Testament Studies. |
OC
|
Oriens Christianus. |
OCA |
Orientalia Christiana Analecta. |
OCP
|
Orientalia Christiana
Periodica. |
OKS
|
Ostkirchliche Studien. |
OLA |
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. |
OLP
|
Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica. |
OrSuec
|
Orientalia Suecana. |
OS
|
L’Orient Syrien. |
PAC |
Patrimoine arabe chrétien. |
ParOr
|
Parole de l’Orient. |
PatMagDam
|
Al-Majalla al-Baṭriarkiyya,
Damascus. |
PatMagJer
|
Al-Majalla al-Baṭriarkiyya
al-Suryāniyya, Jerusalem. |
PETSE |
Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile. |
PG |
Patrologia Graeca. |
PO |
Patrologia Orientalis. |
POC
|
Proche-Orient Chrétien. |
PRE
|
Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen
Altertumswissenschaft. |
PS |
Patrologia Syriaca. |
PTS |
Patristische Texte und Studien. |
RAC
|
Reallexikon für Antike und
Christentum. |
RB
|
Revue biblique. |
REArm
|
Revue des études arméniennes. |
RHE
|
Revue d’histoire
ecclésiastique. |
RHR
|
Revue de l’histoire des
religions. |
ROC
|
Revue de l’Orient Chrétien. |
RSO
|
Rivista degli Studi Orientali. |
RSPR
|
Revue des sciences philosophiques et
religieuses. |
SC |
Sources chrétiennes. |
SeT |
Studi e Testi. |
SKCO |
Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients. |
Sobornost/ECR
Sobornost/ECR
|
Sobornost / Eastern Churches
Review. |
SOK |
Studien zur orientalischen Kirchengeschichte. |
StPatr
|
Studia Patristica. |
SymSyr
I |
Symposium Syriacum 1972 (OCA 197;
1974). |
SymSyr
II |
Symposium Syriacum 1976 (OCA 205;
1978). |
SymSyr
III |
IIIo Symposium
Syriacum 1980. Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres
cultures, ed. R. Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 221; 1983). |
SymSyr
IV |
IV Symposium Syriacum 1984. Literary genres
in Syriac literature, ed. H. J. W. Drijvers, R. Lavenant
S.J., C. Molenberg, and G. J. Reinink (OCA 229; 1987). |
SymSyr
V |
V Symposium Syriacum 1988, ed. R.
Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 236; 1990). |
SymSyr
VI |
VI Symposium Syriacum 1992, ed. R.
Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 247; 1994). |
SymSyr
VII |
Symposium Syriacum VII. 1996, ed. R.
Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 256, 1998). |
SymSyr
VIII |
Symposium Syriacum VIII, ed. R. Ebied
and H. Teule, with the collaboration of P. Hill and J. Verheyden (=
JEastCS 56 [2004]). |
SymSyr
IX |
Symposium Syriacum 2004 (=
ParOr
31 [2006] and 33 [2008]). |
SymSyr
X |
Symposium Syriacum 2008 (in
preparation). |
TEG |
Traditio Exegetica Graeca. |
TRE
|
Theologische Realenzyklopädie. |
TTH |
Translated Texts for Historians. |
TU |
Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen
Literatur. |
VetChr
|
Vetera Christianorum. |
VC
|
Vigiliae Christianae. |
WZKM
|
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des
Morgenlandes. |
ZA
|
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte
Gebiete. |
ZAC
|
Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum /
Journal of Ancient
Christianity. |
ZAW
|
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche
Wissenschaft. |
ZDMG
|
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft. |
ZKG
|
Zeitschrift für
Kirchengeschichte. |
ZNW
|
Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche
Wissenschaft. |
ZPE
|
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik. |
III. Frequently quoted publications, referred to by the authors’s last name and short title
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Frequently-Cited-Publications-Author-Short-Title
8
Abbeloos and Lamy, Gregorii Barhebraei chronicon ecclesiasticum = J. B. Abbeloos and T. J. Lamy, Gregorii Barhebraei chronicon ecclesiasticum,
1–2 (3 vols.; 1872–1877).
Abūna, Adab = Ab Albīr Abūna, Adab al-lugha al-ārāmiyya (1970).
Assemani, BibOr = J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana,
1–3 (4 vols.; 1719–1728; repr. 1975 and 2002).
Barsoum, Scattered pearls = Ignatius
Aphram I Barsoum (trans. Matti Moosa), The
Scattered
Pearl
pearls
. A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences
(2nd
edn.
ed.
2003).
Baumstark, Literatur = A. Baumstark,
Geschichte der syrischen Literatur
(1922).
Becker, Fear of God = A. Becker, Fear of God and the beginning of wisdom. The School of
Nisibis and the development of
the
Christian
scholastic culture in Late
Antique Mesopotamia (
Divinitions
Divinations
. Rereading Late Ancient
Religion; 2006).
Braun, Synodicon Orientale = O. Braun,
Das Buch der Synhados oder Synodicon
Orientale (1900; reprint 1975).
Braun, Ausgewählte Akten
persischen
persischer
Märtyrer =
O. Braun, Ausgewählte Akten persischer
Märtyrer. Mit einem Anhang: Ostsyrisches Mönchsleben
(Bibliothek der Kirchenväter; 1915).
Brock, The Syriac Fathers on Prayer = S.
P. Brock, The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the
Spiritual Life (1987).
Brock, ‘The christology of the Church of the East’ = S. P. Brock, ‘The
christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the fifth to
early seventh centuries: preliminary considerations and materials’, in
Aksum – THYATEIRA. A Festschrift for
Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain, ed. G.
D. Dragas (1985), 125–42. (repr. in Studies in
Syriac Christianity [1992], ch. XII)
Brock and Taylor, Hidden Pearl = S. P.
Brock (with the assistance of D. G. K. Taylor), The
Hidden Pearl. The Syrian Orthodox Church and its ancient Aramaic
heritage (4 vols.; 2001).
Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien =
J.-B. Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien,
patriarche jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199), 1–4 (1899–1924;
repr. 1963; repr. 1–3: 2008).
Chabot, Synodicon Orientale = J. B.
Chabot, Synodicon Orientale ou recueil de synodes
nestoriens (1902).
Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques =
A. Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques
et des catalogues de manuscrits syriaques. Avec la collaboration de
F. Briquel-Chatonnet (Documents, Études et Répertoires;
1991).
Dolabani, Patriarchen = Y. Dolabani,
Maktbonutho d-patriyarke d-Antiyok d-Suryoye
triṣay šubḥo. Die Patriarchen der syrisch-orthodoxen Kirche
(1990).
Donceel-Voûte, Les pavements = P.
Donceel-Voûte, Les pavements des églises byzantines
de Syrie et du Liban. Décor, archéologie et liturgie
(Publications d’histoire de l’art et d’archéologie de l’Université
Catholique de Louvain 69; 1988).
Drijvers and Healey, The Old Syriac inscriptions
= H. J. W. Drijvers and J. F. Healey, The Old
Syriac inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene. Texts, translations and
commentary (Handbuch der Orientalistik, I, 42;
1999).
Duval, La littérature syriaque = R. Duval,
La littérature syriaque (Bibliothèque
de l’enseignement de l’histoire ecclésiastique: Anciennes littératures
chrétiennes 2; 3rd ed. 1907).
Fiey, Saints syriaques = J. M. Fiey (ed.
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l’histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques et monastiques du
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Fiey, Jalons = J. M. Fiey, Jalons pour une histoire de l’Église en Iraq
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Fiey, Nisibe, métropole syriaque orientale =
J. M. Fiey, Nisibe, métropole syriaque
orientale et ses suffragants des origines à nos jours (CSCO
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Fischer (ed.), A Tribute to Arthur Vööbus =
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), East of Byzantium =
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Guidi et al., Chronica minora =
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Brooks and I.-B. Chabot); III (E. W. Brooks, I. Guidi, and I.-B. Chabot)
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Gutas, Greek thought, Arabic culture = D.
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Harrak, Syriac and Garshuni inscriptions of Iraq
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Hatch, Album = W. H. P. Hatch, An album of dated Syriac manuscripts (1946;
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Honigmann, Évêques et évêchés monophysites =
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Hoyland, Seeing Islam = R. G. Hoyland,
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Kaufhold, Die Rechtssammlung des Gabriel von
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Kiraz, CESG = G. A. Kiraz, Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels (4
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Kiraz (ed.), Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone =
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Labourt, Le christianisme dans l’empire perse =
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Macomber, Six explanations = W. F.
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Macuch, Geschichte = R. Macuch, Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen
Literatur (1976).
Millar, The Roman Near East = F. Millar,
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Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis =
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Untersuchungen über die Quellen und die
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List of Figures and Color Plates
The following figures were included in the print edition of GEDSH. Images numbers followed by the letter "c" indicate an image that was included among the color plates in the print edition.
Due to copyright issues, some of these images are not available online at this time. In such cases, please consult the print edition.
https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Figures
9
[Fig. 1](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/1)
|
Abgarids of Edessa |
[Fig. 2](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/2)
|
Teaching of Addai |
[Fig.
3c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/3c)
|
Alqosh |
[Fig. 4](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/4)
|
Alqosh |
[Fig. 5](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/5)
|
Amid |
[Fig.
6c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/6c)
|
Apamea |
[Fig. 7](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/7)
|
Armenian Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig. 8](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/8)
|
Armenian Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig. 9](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/9)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
10](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/10)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
11](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/11)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
12c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/12c)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
13](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/13)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
14](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/14)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
15](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/15)
|
Art and architecture |
[Fig.
16](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/16)
|
Bahdeidat |
[Fig.
17](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/17)
|
Bahdeidat |
[Fig.
18](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/18)
|
Bar ʿEbroyo, Grigorios |
[Fig.
19](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/19)
|
Barṣawmo |
[Fig.
20](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/20)
|
Barṣawmo Ṣafī, Grigorios |
[Fig.
21](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/21)
|
Barsoum, Ignatius Afram |
[Fig.
22](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/22)
|
Barṭelle |
[Fig.
23](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/23)
|
Barṭelle |
[Fig.
24](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/24)
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Bedjan, Paul |
[Fig.
25](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/25)
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Behnam, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
26](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/26)
|
Behnam, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
27](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/27)
|
Behnam, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
28](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/28)
|
Behnam, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
29](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/29)
|
Bible, New Testament manuscripts |
[Fig.
30](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/30)
|
Bible, New Testament manuscripts |
[Fig.
31](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/31)
|
Bible, New Testament manuscripts |
[Fig.
32c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/32c)
|
Catherine, Monastery of St. |
[Fig.
33](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/33)
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Chicago |
[Fig.
34](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/34)
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China, Syriac Christianity in |
[Fig.
35](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/35)
|
Church of the East |
[Fig.
36](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/36)
|
Çiçek, Julius Yeshu |
[Fig.
37](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/37)
|
Coptic Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig.
38](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/38)
|
Coptic Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig.
39](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/39)
|
Damascus |
[Fig.
40](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/40)
|
Diaspora |
[Fig.
41](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/41)
|
Diaspora |
[Fig.
42](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/42)
|
Diaspora |
[Fig.
43](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/43)
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Dolabani, Philoxenos Yuḥanon |
[Fig.
44](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/44)
|
Dorekthā
|
[Fig.
45](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/45)
|
Dura-Europos |
[Fig.
46](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/46)
|
Eddé |
[Fig.
47](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/47)
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Edessa |
[Fig.
48](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/48)
|
Ethiopic Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig.
49c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/49c)
|
Ethiopic Christianity, Syriac contacts with |
[Fig.
50](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/50)
|
Eusebius of Caesarea |
[Fig.
51](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/51)
|
Fiey, Jean-Maurice |
[Fig.
52](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/52)
|
Gabriel, Monastery of Mor |
[Fig.
53](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/53)
|
Gabriel, Monastery of Mor |
[Fig.
54](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/54)
|
Garshuni |
[Fig.
55](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/55)
|
Ḥarran |
[Fig.
56c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/56c)
|
Hormizd, Monastery of Rabban |
[Fig.
57](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/57)
|
Hormizd, Monastery of Rabban |
[Fig.
58](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/58)
|
Inscriptions |
[Fig.
59](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/59)
|
Jerusalem |
[Fig.
60](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/60)
|
Jerusalem |
[Fig.
61](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/61)
|
Kaftun, Dayr |
[Fig.
62](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/62)
|
Kaftun, Dayr |
[Fig.
63](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/63)
|
Maʿad |
[Fig.
64](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/64)
|
Malabar Catholic Church |
[Fig.
65](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/65)
|
Malabar Catholic Church |
[Fig.
66](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/66)
|
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |
[Fig.
67c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/67c)
|
Manuscripts |
[Fig.
68](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/68)
|
Manuscripts |
[Fig.
69](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/69)
|
Mark, Monastery of St. Mark
Mark, Monastery of St.
|
[Fig.
70](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/70)
|
Martyrs and persecutions |
[Fig.
71c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/71c)
|
Mary |
[Fig.
72](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/72)
|
Masora |
[Fig.
73](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/73)
|
Matay, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
74](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/74)
|
Matay, Dayro d-Mor |
[Fig.
75](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/75)
|
Michael I Rabo |
[Fig.
76c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/76c)
|
Michael I Rabo |
[Fig.
77c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/77c)
|
Midyat |
[Fig.
78](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/78)
|
Midyat |
[Fig.
79c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/79c)
|
Midyat |
[Fig.
80](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/80)
|
Monasticism |
[Fig.
81](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/81)
|
Monasticism |
[Fig.
82](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/82)
|
Mosul |
[Fig.
83](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/83)
|
Mosul |
[Fig.
84](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/84)
|
Mosul |
[Fig.
85c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/85c)
|
Mūsā al-Ḥabashī, Dayr Mār |
[Fig.
86](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/86)
|
Mūsā al-Ḥabashī, Dayr Mār |
[Fig.
87](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/87)
|
Mūsā al-Ḥabashī, Dayr Mār |
[Fig.
88c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/88c)
|
Mūsā al-Ḥabashī, Dayr Mār |
[Fig.
89](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/89)
|
Mushe of Nisibis |
[Fig.
90](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/90)
|
Mushe of Nisibis |
[Fig.
91](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/91)
|
Nineveh |
[Fig.
92](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/92)
|
Nisibis |
[Fig.
93](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/93)
|
Nuro, Abrohom |
[Fig.
94](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/94)
|
Old Syriac Documents |
[Fig.
95](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/95)
|
Palimpsests |
[Fig.
96](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/96)
|
Papyri, Syriac |
[Fig.
97](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/97)
|
Pawlos of Kallinikos |
[Fig.
98](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/98)
|
Printing |
[Fig.
99](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/99)
|
Printing |
[Fig.
100](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/100)
|
Printing |
[Fig.
101](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/101)
|
Qara |
[Fig.
102](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/102)
|
Qara |
[Fig.
103](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/103)
|
Qaraqosh |
[Fig.
104c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/104c)
|
Qaraqosh |
[Fig.
105](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/105)
|
Rabbula of Edessa |
[Fig.
106](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/106)
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Raḥmani, Ignatius Ephrem II |
[Fig.
107](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/107)
|
al-Ṣalīb, Dayr |
[Fig.
108](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/108)
|
Scher, Addai |
[Fig.
109](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/109)
|
Seminary of St. John, Mosul |
[Fig.
110](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/110)
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Severus of Antioch |
[Fig.
111](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/111)
|
Sharfeh |
[Fig.
112](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/112)
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Shemʿun the Stylite |
[Fig.
113](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/113)
|
al-Suryān, Dayr |
[Fig.
114](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/114)
|
Syriac Orthodox Church |
[Fig.
115](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/115)
|
Tagrit |
[Fig.
116](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/116)
|
Thomas Christians |
[Fig.
117](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/117)
|
Thomas Christians |
[Fig.
118](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/118)
|
Thomas Christians |
[Fig.
119](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/119)
|
Thomas Christians |
[Fig.
120c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/120c)
|
Ṭur ʿAbdin |
[Fig.
121](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/121)
|
Ṭur ʿAbdin |
[Fig.
122c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/122c)
|
Ṭur ʿAbdin |
[Fig.
123c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/123c)
|
Ṭur ʿAbdin |
[Fig.
124](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/124)
|
Ṭuroyo |
[Fig.
125](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/125)
|
Urmia |
[Fig.
126](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/126)
|
Urmia |
[Fig.
127](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/127)
|
Xi’an |
[Fig.
128](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/128)
|
Yaʿqub Burdʿoyo |
[Fig.
129c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/129c)
|
al-Zaʿfarān, Dayr |
[Fig.
130c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/130c)
|
al-Zaʿfarān, Dayr |
[Fig.
131c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/131c)
|
al-Zaʿfarān, Dayr |