Properly speaking, Ṭur ʿAbdin (‘Mountain of the servants’) does not include
the whole province of [
Mardin
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mardin) in Turkey,
but only the limestone plateau in the eastern part of it, between the river
Tigris and [
Nisibis
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Nisibis). The first bp. of Ṭur ʿAbdin resided at Ḥaḥ, a town in
the north-east of Ṭur ʿAbdin, far from the center of the diocese. Ḥaḥ used
to be much bigger than it is today, as the surrounding ruins and the
ancient, relatively large basilica testify. Perhaps, its prosperity derived
from trade across the Tigris in the period when Rome had provinces east of
that river. If so, its decline may have begun with the loss of those
provinces in 363. The [
Monastery of Mor Gabriel
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-Monastery-of-Mor) later took over from Ḥaḥ as the center
of the diocese. In 613 Daniel ʿUzoyo became bp. of the united dioceses of
Dara and Ṭur ʿAbdin, to which, for a while, were added those of Tella and
[
Reshʿayna
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Reshayna). This must have been a direct consequence of the
Persian reconquest of Syria and Egypt. Thirty-five years after burning the
Monastery of Qarṭmin in 570, the Persians took the Castle of ṬurʿAbdin
(Qalʿat al-Haytam) in 605. The first idea of the conquerors seems to have
been to bring in bishops from the Persian Ch. of E., but the bp. they placed
in [
Edessa
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Edessa) was rejected as a ‘Nestorian’ heretic; so they gave power
instead to the Syr. Orth., a sect persecuted by the Roman Emperors in the
6th cent., who could therefore be relied on not to help Byzantium. As far as
the Christian population was concerned, the situation remained unchanged
under the Arabs and subsequent Muslim rulers.
Daniel (615–24) was given four dioceses, which probably means that the Syr.
Orth. were much depleted by persecution at the time, especially in the
cities, where imperial policing had been easier. He was abbot of Qarṭmin and
that monastery now became the center of the diocese of Ṭur ʿAbdin.
Monasteries had been the centers of resistance to the Council of Chalcedon
(451).
In 1088/9 the diocese of Ṭur ʿAbdin was divided. After 450 years in abeyance,
Ḥaḥ again became the episcopal see; but the bishops of Ṭur ʿAbdin now
resided at [
Dayr
al-Ṣalīb
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/al-Salib-Dayr). A memorial inscribed shortly after this date at Qarṭmin has
been read as an attempt to prevent the new bp. in the north-east of Ṭur
ʿAbdin from claiming all the bishops of the region as his predecessors. If
that is right, then the Monastery of Qarṭmin must have felt the division as
a heavy blow to its prestige.
On 6 Aug. 1364, with the support of the other bishops of Ṭur ʿAbdin, the bp.
of Ṣalaḥ, who resided in the Monastery of Mor Yaʿqub, outside that village,
received a diploma from the Ayyubid ruler of Ḥesno d-Kifo, recognizing him
as
Patr.
patr.
of Ṭur ʿAbdin. He had been excommunicated by Ishmaʿil, the
Patr.
patr.
of
[
Antioch
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Antioch), who resided near Mardin. During the 475 years which
followed, there were five reconciliations between the two patriarchates,
ending with that of 1839. In this time the custom arose of appointing a [Maphrian](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Maphrian) (or Catholicos) for the eastern part of Ṭur ʿAbdin. The
most famous of these Maphrians was [
Shemʿun II
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Shemun-II-Basileios) of Beth
Manʿem, a prolific writer in Syriac and Kurdish, whose works are still
copied in Ṭur ʿAbdin.
With the exception of [
Masʿūd
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Masud-of-Tur-Abdin),
a 15th-cent. mystical writer who lived in Ṭur ʿAbdin, the later history of
the region is one long list of raids, wars, droughts, famines, plagues, and
persecutions. For example, in 1200 the bp. of Qarṭmin was suffocated in the
cave of Bar Siqay by the Mongol Hunnish raiders, together with thirty-two
monks and 330 ordinary people; in 1405 and 1413 there were devastating
epidemics in Ṭur ʿAbdin; and in the 1490s all the monasteries of Ṭur ʿAbdin
were laid waste by a confederation of Kurdish tribes. This is a small part
of all that the people of Ṭur ʿAbdin have suffered and survived. From the
13th cent. until the 20th they had Yezidis from Iraq as their neighbours and
companions in persecution. In 1895, when the Ottoman Sultan ordered an
attack on the Armenians, Ṭur ʿAbdin was spared. The region was not so
fortunate in 1915, when it suffered a similar blow, from which the Christian
villages never recovered. This year is remembered as [Sayfo](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Sayfo) (‘the Sword’).
They suffered again for their involvement in the Kurdish uprising of 1926,
particularly in the diocese of Beth Rishe, where the Monastery of Mor Malke
was destroyed. It was restored in 1955 and is still functioning, as are the
monasteries of Ṣalaḥ (Mor Yaʿqub) and Qarṭmin (Mor Gabriel).
Whether or not the Christian remnant in Ṭur ʿAbdin proves to be sustainable,
the churches and monasteries, if they are not neglected by the authorities,
will survive as evidence of the importance of the region in the late Roman
period. Bp. Shemʿun of [
Ḥarran
](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Harran) (died 734),
who was from the village of Habsenas, made his native Ṭur ʿAbdin prosperous
once more with investments in the busy city of Nisibis; some of the
surviving churches (including the church of the Monastery of Mor Yaʿqub at
Ṣalaḥ, as may be inferred from the original position of the building
inscription discovered by S. R. Palmer) were renovated from the foundations
in the early Islamic period, circumventing the ban on new church
buildings.
See [Fig. 52](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/52),
[53](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/53), [81](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/81), [107](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/107),
[120c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/120c),
[121](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/121), [122c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/122c), [123c](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/123c), and [124](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/fig/124).