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462 matches for Keyword: Aba~ Perpage: 218

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Aba (ca. 400)Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aba
 Aba  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Aba  http://syriaca.org/bibl/12 3 ... ... , author, and biblical commentator. The ‘Testament of Ephrem’ mentions Aba  as the first of Ephrem’s seven disciples. He must, therefore, be the same p... ... of Ephrem’s seven disciples. He must, therefore, be the same person as ‘Mar Aba , the disciple of Ephrem’ to whom several fragments are attributed in ms. Lo... ... of Ephrem’s seven disciples. He must, therefore, be the same person as ‘Mar Aba , the disciple of Ephrem’ to whom several fragments are attributed in ms. Lo... ... of Ephrem’s seven disciples. He must, therefore, be the same person as ‘Mar Aba , the disciple of Ephrem’ to whom several fragments are attributed in ms. Lo... ... Ephrem’ to whom several fragments are attributed in ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 17,194, a 9th-cent. W.-Syr. collection of extracts from exegetical and the... ... these meager remains some new texts may perhaps be added.  Aba  is explicitly quoted in a work on the Holy Chrism by Anṭun of ...
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Aba I (d. 552) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aba-I
 Aba  ... I https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Aba -I http://syriaca.org/bibl/10 1 ... ... (540–52). Born from Zoroastrian parents, Aba  converted to Christianity and studied at the School of Nisibis. He traveled to the Roman Empire and... ...ed as his successor in 540. In 544 an itinerant synod was held, during which Aba , accompanied by a changing number of bishops, visited several dioceses, man... ...s, which are related to this ecclesiastical visitation and, more broadly, to Aba’s  reforms: 1. on reform of church governance; 2. on the orthodox faith; 3. on... ... ecclesiastical hierarchy; 6. a letter entitled Practica (fragments); 7. canons (1–40; incomplete). Aba  came into conflict with the Persian authorities and spent several of his ye... ... in prison and in exile. The sources attribute to Aba  several commentaries on OT and NT books, of which only fragments exist in l... ...a.  550 wrote his ‘Christian Topography’. Cosmas (in Book II.2) acknowledges Aba , whom he calls Patrikios (derived from the Greek word for ‘father’), as his...
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Aba II of Kashkar (641–751) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Gerrit J. Reinink URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aba-II-of-Kashkar
 Aba  ... II of Kashkar https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Aba -II-of-Kashkar http://syriaca.org/bibl/11 2 ... ... in 741. In the sixth year of his Catholicate a conflict between Aba  and the clergy of Seleucia-Ctesiphon arose; the latter accused the ... ...taken the possessions of the city’s School. According to a letter written by Aba  to the director, the teachers, and the other ‘brothers’ of the School, thes... ...r a year, but returned to Seleucia-Ctesiphon after the conflict was settled. Aba  is known as the author of different works which, except for ‘the Letter to ... ...e Letter to the leaders of the School’, are lost: the Book of the Governors  Ktābā  d-esṭraṭige), a Commentary on the Theologian ( ... ... Bussāme, containing the exegesis of passages from Gen., Num.,  Isa ., and the four Gospels. These fragments and extracts are of great importanc... ...of Christian tenets such as the Trinity and the Divinity of Christ. Although  Aba  is reported to have maintained as Cat...
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ʿAbdishoʿ bar Bahrīz (fl. first quarter of 9th cent.) [Ch. of E]Contributor: Barbara H. Roggema URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdisho-bar-Bahriz
ʿAbdishoʿ  bar  ... Bahrīz https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdisho bar -Bahriz http://syriaca.org/bibl/13 4 ... ...formation about ʿAbdishoʿ derives from Muslim sources, most importantly from Ibn  al-Nadīm, who mentions that he translated many works of logic and philosoph... ... Aristotle ’s ‘Categories’ and ‘On Interpretation’. Ibn  al-Nadīm also makes reference to his works in defense of ‘Nestorian’ Christ... ...ssion between ‘ʿAbdishoʿ, the Nestorian Muṭrān,  Abū  ... Qurra , the Melkite Bishop, and Abū  Rāʾiṭa, the Jacobite’ before a Muslim vizier (ed. with ET by Toenies Keatin... ...reference to Cath. Ishoʿ  bar  Nun (823–28), but it is more likely that this name points to ... ... (823–28), but it is more likely that this name points to ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Bahrīz, who was also a contemporary of these interlocutors. ʿAbdishoʿ’s apo...
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ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha Ebedjesus (d. 1318) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Jeff W. Childers URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdisho-bar-Brikha
ʿAbdishoʿ  bar  ... Brikha https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdisho bar -Brikha http://syriaca.org/bibl/14 5 ... ... Nomocanon, or Collection of Synodical Canons of Mar Abdisho bar  Brikha, Metropolitan of Nisibis and Armenia (1918). ... ... ‘A list of known manuscripts of the Syriac Maqamat of ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brika’, JAAS ...
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ʿAbdishoʿ of Gazarta (d. 1567) [Ch. of E., Chald.]Contributor: Herman G. B. Teule URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdisho-of-Gazarta
... http://syriaca.org/person/311 person ʿAbdishoʿ bar  ... Yoḥannan d-Beth Maron, monk of the monastery of Mar Aḥa  the Egyptian, in the region of Gazarta (Cizre).... ... (d. 1567) [Ch. of E., Chald.] ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Yoḥannan d-Beth Maron, monk of the monastery of Mar  Aḥa  the Egyptian, in the region of Gazarta (Cizre), participated in the Synod w... Yoḥannan d-Beth Maron, monk of the monastery of Mar  Aḥa  the Egyptian, in the region of Gazarta (Cizre), participated in the Synod w... Yoḥannan d-Beth Maron, monk of the monastery of Mar  Aḥa  the Egyptian, in the region of Gazarta (Cizre), participated in the Synod w... Yoḥannan d-Beth Maron, monk of the monastery of Mar  Aḥa  the Egyptian, in the region of Gazarta (Cizre), participated in the Synod w... ...f Gazarta (Cizre), participated in the Synod which deposed Patr. Shemʿon VII bar 
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ʿAbdullāh I bar Sṭephanos (d. 1557) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdullah-I-bar-Stephanos
ʿAbdullāh I  bar  ... Sṭephanos https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abdullah-I bar -Stephanos http://syriaca.org/bibl/16 7 ... ...521–57) and advocate for printing the first Syriac NT. He was born in Qalʿat Mara  probably at the end of the 15th cent. ʿAbdullāh moved the patriarchal see t...
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Abgar the Hagiographer (early 5th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abgar-the-Hagiographer
 Abgar  ... the Hagiographer https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Abgar -the-Hagiographer http://syriaca.org/bibl/19 10 ... ... http://syriaca.org/person/315 person  Abgar  is named as the author of the martyrdom of Hor... ... (early 5th cent.) [Ch. of E.]  Abgar  is named as the author of the martyrdom of Hormizd and his nine companions ... ... , and of Yaʿqub the Notary — must also have been written by Abgar . These four martyr texts are grouped together in ms. Berlin, Or. oct. 1257 ... ... Berlin, Or. oct. 1257 and share similar content and style. The execution of all  these martyrs took place at Sleq Ḥarobta, not far from ... ...on , and in the proximity of a monastery to which in all  likelihood  Abgar 
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... the middle of the 3rd cent. The most common names in this line of kings are Abgar  and Maʿnu, both of which are of a North Arabian type. The disintegration of... ...arance of the Romans in the Near East in the 1st cent. BC, the Abgarids were able  ... to maintain Edessa and the surrounding area  of Osrhoene as a more or less independent buffer state between the Roman an... ... to maintain Edessa and the surrounding area  of Osrhoene as a more or less independent buffer state between the Roman an... ... the moment when Rome began to extend its reach into Mesopotamia, i.e., from Abgar  VII (109–116) on through the end of the dynasty. In the 2nd and early 3rd c... ...elationship between Rome and Edessa intensified; it reached its climax under Abgar  VIII, the Great (177–212). Rome finally imposed its power on Edessa when in... ... finally imposed its power on Edessa when in 212/13 the short-lived reign of Abgar  VIII’s successor was ended and the city declared a Roman ... ... finally imposed its power on Edessa when in 212/13 the short-lived reign of Abgar  VIII’s successor was ended and the city declared a Roman ...
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Abraham bar Dashandad (8th cent.) [E.-Syr.]Contributor: Herman G. B. Teule URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham-bar-Dashandad
Abraham  bar  ... Dashandad https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham bar -Dashandad http://syriaca.org/bibl/21 12 ... ...ere he was born, he was the disciple of the reformer of ecclesiastical music Babai  of Gbilta and later became teacher at the School of ... ...ere he was born, he was the disciple of the reformer of ecclesiastical music Babai  of Gbilta and later became teacher at the School of Bashosh in Persia, ... ...ilta and later became teacher at the School of Bashosh in Persia, founded by Babai , and the School of Marga. At the end of his life, he established himself at... ...ilta and later became teacher at the School of Bashosh in Persia, founded by Babai , and the School of Marga. At the end of his life, he established himself at... ...ilta and later became teacher at the School of Bashosh in Persia, founded by Babai , and the School of Marga. At the end of his life, he established himself at... ... as the Upper Monastery. According to ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha , he was the author of a Book of ...
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Abraham bar Lipeh (7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham-bar-Lipeh
Abraham  bar  ... Lipeh https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham bar -Lipeh http://syriaca.org/bibl/22 13 ... ...ng is known of his life. It is presumed that he was some relation of Gabriel bar  Lipeh (better known as Gabriel Qaṭraya ... ... Sources R. H. Connolly, Abrahae bar  Lipeh Interpretatio Officiorum, in his Anonymi auctoris Expositio O...
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Abraham of Beth Rabban (6th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham-of-Beth-Rabban
...braham was then temporarily replaced by Elishaʿ bar  Quzbaye but he returned to his office a few ye... ... and held it until his death, probably in 569. Other sources present Elishaʿ bar  Quzbaye as Narsai’s immediate successor and put the beginning of Abraham’s ...
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Abraham of Kashkar (ca. 500–588) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Abraham-of-Kashkar
... M. Tamcke idem , ‘Abraham of Kashkar’s pilgrimage’, ARAM  18–19 (2006–7), 477–82. Vööbus, Syriac and Arabic documents, ...
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Addai, Teaching of (ca. 420)Contributor: Timothy Scott Wardle URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Addai-Teaching-of
...yriac writing containing the legendary correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar  of Edessa. (ca. 420) ... ...yriac writing containing the legendary correspondence between Jesus and King  Abgar  of Edessa , the report of the apostle Addai’s ... ...y, such as the portrait of Jesus, are missing. Eusebius’s account ends after Abgar  is healed and Thaddaios is asked to speak to the people of Edessa, a prelud... ... Mani , a ‘proto-orthodox’ group, and others all  vied for authority. The story most likely originated inside one of these gr... ... Syriac Christianity. Accordingly, Syriac Christianity could trace its roots all  the way back to the apostles and to Jesus himself. Also significant is the ... ... Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, ed. H. W. Attridge and G. Hata  (1992), 212–34. S. P. Brock ... ... 18 (2004), 46–56. A. Desreumaux, Histoire du roi Abgar  et de Jésus (1993). H. J. W. Drijvers, ‘The...
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... The region between the Upper and Lower Zab  rivers, from the Tigris in the west to Mt. Ṣalā... ...al Adiabene, Syriac Ḥadyāb, refers to the region between the Upper and Lower Zab  rivers, from the Tigris in the west to Mt. Ṣalāḥ al-dīn (= Mt. Pirmum) in t... ...uities’, 20.17–94). Christianity spread into this region quite quickly, with Papa  possibly serving as its first metropolitan as of 310. The Synod of 410 held...
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AleppoContributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aleppo
... Orth., Armenian Catholic, Latin). Aleppo, nicknamed ‘Grey Aleppo’ (Ḥalab al šahbāʾ ) in Arabic, owes its military and commercial importance to its imposing cit... ...in older Syriac literature. Aleppo came under Roman rule in 64 BC. After the Arab  conquest in 636, Aleppo first rose to prominence under the Ḥamdānid Sayf al... ... mid-6th cent. is Matthew (644–669). Among his successors was  Bar  ʿEbroyo (ca. 1253–64), who was the bp. there when ... ... Aleppo included, along with Damascus and Ḥama , in the title of Metr. ... ... , who migrated to Aleppo en masse in 1924, as well as those from the area  around Mardin . As a cente... ... As a center of Latin missionary activity since the beginning of the Ottoman  era , with Capuchins, Jesuits and Carmelites present in the city by 1526, Aleppo... ... of Aleppo (Michael Ḍāhir, Peter Jarweh, George Chelhot, Antony Ḥayek, Peter ʿAbd  al- Aḥad ), while two others were Metr. of Aleppo before ascending to the patriarchat...
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...xander, preserved in various sources, including  Bar  ʿEbroyo ’s Amusing Stories. 6. A set of short laments o... ...993), 3–9. G. J. Reinink, ‘Die Entstehung der syrischen Alexanderlegende als  politisch-religiöse Propagandaschrift für Herakleios’ ... ... Kirchenpolitik’, in After Chalcedon, ed. Laga  et al., 263–81. G.... ... of Alexander’, in Memory as History. The Legacy of Alexander in Asia , ed. H. P. Ray and D. T. Potts (2007), 54–75. ...
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Amid Amida, Diyarbakır, OmidContributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Amid
...nded by massive black basalt walls, which later gave it the nickname ‘Black  kara ) Amid’, Amid was by the 4th cent. a key point in Rome’s defence of her east... ...sians in 363. It was taken by the Persians in 359, 503, and 606/7. After the Arab  conquest in 639, it was ruled by a series of dynasties including the Kurdis... ...opotamia to attend the councils, respectively, of Ephesus and Chalcedon. The area  around Amid was an important center of monasticism with five monasteries wi... ...od after the Council of Chalcedon, Amid was a Miaphysite stronghold, and Bp. Mara  of Amid was one of those bps. expelled from their sees under Emperor Justin... ...period of persecution for the Miaphysites under the Chalcedonian Bp. Abraham bar  Kaili, a line of Miaphysite bishops was reestablished with the consecration... ...he later occupants of the see was Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi . Amid has been the seat of the Syr. Orth. patriarchs on ... ...ene , during the tenure of Ignatius ʿAbdullāh I bar  Sṭephanos (1521– 1557), and in 1862–71 when Ignati... ... . The Syr. Orth. see of Amid lapsed with the demise of Metr. Dionysios ʿAbd  al-Nūr Aslan in 1933. The presence of E.-Syr. Christian...
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Amyūn AmiounContributor: Erica Cruikshank Dodd URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Amyun
...n Anastasis painting. Parts of Christ’s flying cloak are visible as he pulls Adam  out of the grave. Behind  Adam  is Eve, and behind her is  Abel  is Eve, and behind her is  Adam  is Eve, and behind her is  Abel . On the other side are David and Solomon, and the remains of a scroll once ... ...saints and two flying angels. The large piers of the church are decorated on all  four sides with remains of paint, showing several saints, a portrait of St.... ... an equestrian St. Theodore spearing a dragon. These wall paintings are all  inscribed in Greek. Some attempt has been made to write in Syriac over a lo...
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al-AnbārContributor: Andreas Juckel URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/al-Anbar
al- Anbār  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/al Anbar  http://syriaca.org/bibl/44 35 ... ...tory over the Roman Emperor Julian in 363. The city’s popular name ‘Ambāra’  Arab . al- Anbār ) means ‘magazine; storehouse’, and refers to its strategic function as an a... ...fter the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon. During the first centuries of Islam, al Anbār  remained prosperous, being the residence of the Abassid Caliphs al-Saffāḥ (... ... the first millennium; in 1262 it was sacked by the Mongols. Al Anbār  was a see of the Ch. of E., first mentioned in the 5th cent. The main sourc... ... Cath.: Ṣliba Zka (713–28), Theodosios (853–58), and Yoḥannan bar  ... Narsai (884–91). Eliya of al Anbār  was elected ...
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Antioch AntakyaContributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Antioch
... called ‘Christian’ soon became the most important center of Christianity in Asia , and its see was recognised as ranking alongside those of Rome and Alexandr... ..., as well as of more friendly visits by Michael Rabo  (1166–99), who is said to have been enthroned on t... ...self on the outskirts of the city some time before 1246, and by Yuḥanon bar  Maʿdani (1252–63), who was enthroned on the ‘chair of ...
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Anṭun of Tagrit (9th cent.?) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: John W. Watt URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Antun-of-Tagrit
... and a brief report in the Ecclesiastical History of  Bar  ʿEbroyo to the effect that he lived at the tim... ...sios of Tel Maḥre (active in 825), a view which Bar  ʿEbroyo declares to be generally accepted by his contemporary teachers and ... ...o declares to be generally accepted by his contemporary teachers and elders. Bar  ʿEbroyo supports this by identifying an unnamed student of Greek poetry in ... ...ontested. Mention of his works by later authors first appears in Yaʿqub bar  Shakko and  Bar  ʿEbroyo. Two mss. in London (Brit. Libr. Add. 17,208 + Dayr al-Suryān 32 and Br... ...s prologue largely identical with that by Mushe bar  Kipho and probably dependent upon Pseudo-Diony... ...s partial reproduction and paraphrasing in the ‘Book of Dialogues’ of Yaʿqub bar  Shakko. It was greatly admired by  Bar  ʿEbroyo, who cited it frequently in his ‘Book of Splendors’ and prefaced it...
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Aphrahaṭ (fl. first half of 4th cent.)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aphrahat
... Aphrahaṭ, by which he is known today, is first found in Ishoʿ bar  Nun (d. 828). In the early 8th cent. ... ...8). In the early 8th cent. Giwargi, bp. of the Arab  tribes only knew of him as ‘the Persian Sage’ (V. ...
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ApocalypsesContributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Apocalypses
...40 subject Apocalypses, or Revelations, aim  to disclose eschatological events and in order to enhance their authority t... ... Apocalypses, or Revelations, aim  to disclose eschatological events and in order to enhance their authority t... ... a commentary (notably by Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi ). The Apocalypse of Paul purports to describe w... ...7th cent. gave rise to a number of texts of an apocalyptic nature, this time all  composed in Syriac. The Persian invasion of the eastern provinces of the By... ...ncerning the End’ (ed. H. Schmold, Ph. D. Diss., Hamburg; 1972). The lack of any  indication of contemporary events, prior to ‘the End’, make it difficult to... ...he christianized Alexander legend, has been dated to ca. 640, soon after the Arab  conquests, though it could alternatively come from a few decades later in t... ...on of a number of apocalyptic features in the final book 15 of Yoḥannan bar  Penkaye ’s ‘Book of the Main Points’, written ca. 687 ... ... , very probably dates from 691/2, the time of ʿAbd  al-Malik’s tax reforms and the building of the Dome of the Rock (ed. with G...
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Aqaq Acacius (late 5th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aqaq
 Aqaq  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Aqaq  http://syriaca.org/bibl/50 41 ... ... cath. (484–495/6). Aqaq  headed the Ch. of E. during a critical period of its history, when it adopt... ...al period of its history, when it adopted a strictly dyophysite Christology. Aqaq  had studied at the School of Edessa, where he became acquainted with th... ...rsian Emperor Peroz and was arrested and executed by the latter in 484. When Aqaq  took office, therefore, the situation of Christianity in the Persian Empire... ...e wake of this synod that Babowai was arrested and executed, and replaced by Aqaq . At a subsequent synod, held in Beth ʿEdray, in August-September 485 (of wh... ...ember 485 (of which also no report is preserved), peace between Barṣawma and Aqaq  was established. A number of letters from this period, included in the Syno... ...e Synodicon, confirm that Barṣawma and his followers eventually submitted to Aqaq . The stage was thus set for the Synod of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, of Febr. 486, ...
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... the wise’,and the tale of the ‘Ten viziers and the son of King Azad -Bekht’. 3. The next category is constituted by medical texts of Greek origin, w... ...We may assume that the reason behind this request was that the very critical Ibn  Māsawayh held that Syriac was more appropriate than Arabic for expressing s... ... discussion, see Teule, forthcoming). 4.  Bar  ʿEbroyo had a good knowledge of Muslim-Arabic lite... ...con’ and the ‘Book of the Dove’ (based on Ghazālī), the Swād supyā (based on Ibn  Sinā), etc. In these cases, however, the author did not intend to make tran... ...nslations, and the origin of the source text was not revealed. Nevertheless, Bar  ʿEbroyo did also compose several translations that were meant as such: the ... ...nslations, and the origin of the source text was not revealed. Nevertheless, Bar  ʿEbroyo did also compose several translations that were meant as such: the ... ...nslations, and the origin of the source text was not revealed. Nevertheless, Bar  ʿEbroyo did also compose several translations that were meant as such: the ... ...did also compose several translations that were meant as such: the Kitāb al-išārāt wa-al-tanbīhāt by Ibn 
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AramaicContributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aramaic
...cations of the ‘Fertile Crescent’, in Syria and Mesopotamia. It later spread all  ... over the Middle East and well into Central Asia . From the 6th cent. BC to the 7th cent. AD, Aramaic, in a variety of interr... ... chapters of the biblical book of Daniel, the Aramaic portions of the Dead  Sea  documents, and the earliest layer of the Jewish Targumim, or translations o... ... (Targumim, hymns, and prose compositions); and Christians of the Jerusalem  area  (Christian Palestinian Aramaic). East-Aramaic texts were produced by Jews (part... ... Appendix added to the Chronicle of Michael  Rabo  , which deals with ‘the kingdoms that have been established in ... ... Antiquity by our race, (that of) the Arameans, namely the descendants of  Aram , who were called Syrians or inhabitants of Syria’ (ed. J. B. Chabot, text i... ... (1981), 613–49. S. P.  Brock, ‘Three thousand years of Aramaic literature’, ARAM  1 (1989), 11–23. Brock and Taylor, Hidden Pearl, esp. vol. ... ...the Aramaic Language’, in A Wandering Aramean. Collected Aramaic Essays  SBL  Monographs 25; 1979), 57–84. J. C. Greenfield, ‘Standard Literary Aramaic’,...
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ArameansContributor: Sebastian P. Brock James F. Coakley URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Arameans
...is further elaborated in Appendix II to Michael Rabo  ’s Chronicle. In modern times the ethnic identity o...
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Arbela ErbilContributor: Edward G. Mathews, Jr. URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Arbela
... Mari (CSCO 602–3; 2003). (Syr. with FT) C. Jullien and F. Jullien, Aux  origines de l’Église de Perse: Les Actes de Mar Mari (CSCO 604; ... ... P.  Peeters, ‘Le passionnaire d’Adiabène’,  AB  43 (1925), 261–304. D. Sourdel, ‘Irbil’, in EI...
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Aristotle (384–322 BC)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aristotle
... Yaʿqub of Edessa , and Giwargi bp. of the Arab  tribes , several of which survive; the later bo... ... Arabic; some use of them, however, was made by  Bar  ʿEbroyo in his ‘Cream of Wisdom’ and elsewhere... ...abriel Qaṭraya and  Babai  onwards also show an awareness of Aristotle’s logi... ... the ‘Organon’; CSCO 464, p. 35), Theodoros bar  Koni , and others survive, but no specific comm... ...ntary reaching the ‘Analytics’ by Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi survives (ms. Cambridge Gg. 2.14). In the early 13th ... ...g. 2.14). In the early 13th cent. both Yoḥannan bar  Zoʿbi and Yaʿqub ... ... Zoʿbi and Yaʿqub bar  Shakko (in his ‘Dialogues’) are concerned with... ... (in his ‘Dialogues’) are concerned with related topics; a little later Bar  ʿEbroyo, in his Ktobo d-boboto covers in brief the whole of the ‘Organon’, ...
30
Armalah, Isḥāq Armalet, Isaac (1879–1954) [Syr. Cath.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Armalah-Ishaq
... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 555. M. al-Jamil, Taʾrīkh wa-siyar. Kahanat al-suryān ...
31
... Christianity subject Armenia, the geographical area  of Armenian Christianity and culture, borders the homeland of Syr. Christia... ... Armenia, the geographical area  of Armenian Christianity and culture, borders the homeland of Syr. Christia... ...dioceses of Arzun, Qardu, Beth Zabdai, Beth Rahimai, and Beth Moksaye, which all  had large Armenian populations and which occasionally show up as dioceses o... ...e Council’s condemnation of Antiochene theology, Armenian Christianity moved away  from the Syriac sphere of influence and increasingly turned to the Greek im... ...he Armenians is found in treatises by Yuḥanon X bar  ... Shushan and Dionysios bar  Ṣalibi . In spite of the theological complexities in th... ...ibis is preserved only in Armenian. Intense contacts on all  levels took place in the period of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Many Sy... ...ive safety of Cilicia, where the Syr. Orth. had bp. sees in Adana, Anazarba  ʿAyn 
32
 Art  ... and architecture https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Art -and-architecture http://syriaca.org/bibl/59 50 ... ... subject A comprehensive study of Syr. Christian art  and architecture is still missing, and only a few subfields are relatively ... ... A comprehensive study of Syr. Christian art  and architecture is still missing, and only a few subfields are relatively ... ...nd religious traditions, the definition of what constitutes ‘Syr. Christian’ art  or architecture is somewhat elusive and should not be attempted here. In th... ...there was a great deal of overlap between Syr. Christian and Greek Christian art  ... and culture. In the Islamic period certain forms of art  or architecture is somewhat elusive and should not be attempted here. In th... ... and culture. In the Islamic period certain forms of art  or architecture is somewhat elusive and should not be attempted here. In th...
33
Assemani, Joseph Aloysius (1710–1782) [Maron.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Assemani-Joseph-Aloysius
... and of the Nomocanon of  Bar  ʿEbroyo (both published by A. Mai, in his Scriptor...
34
AssyriansContributor: James F. Coakley URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Assyrians
... In pre-modern sources, Assyrians (Atorāye) were inhabitants of the area  or ecclesiastical province of Ator, around Mosul; in ... ... In pre-modern sources, Assyrians (Atorāye) were inhabitants of the area  or ecclesiastical province of Ator, around Mosul ... ... by the Ch. of E.; and sometimes 2. the supposed ethnic group represented by all  the Syriac churches. 1. In medieval sources there are i... ... excavating (Nineveh and its Remains, vol. 2 [1848], 237). Since the area  around Mosul had been called ‘Assyria’ from ancient times, this identificat... ...in use in some W.-Syr. circles before World War I. It was popularized in the USA  by writers like Naʿʿūm Fāʾiq , and ... ...’, and writers within the Church emphasize its Aramean heritage over against any  alleged Assyrian one. Sources ...
35
Asʿad, Gabriel (1907–1997) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Asad-Gabriel
 Asʿad  ..., Gabriel https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Asad -Gabriel http://syriaca.org/bibl/60 51 ... ... http://syriaca.org/bibl/60 51 Gabriel Asʿad  http://syriaca.org/person/346 person Te... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 575. Macuch, Geschichte, 469. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 112–4. ...
36
Athanasios Aṣlan (d. 1741) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Athanasios-Aslan
...author, and translator. He was born in Amid to ʿAbd  al-Nūr and Narzkhan. Two of his brothers, Thoma and Yawseph, became priests... ...nasios translated into Arabic a number of works including ḥusoye, Mushe bar  Kipho ’s ‘Expositions of the Sacraments’, ...
37
Athanasios I Gamolo (d. 631) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Jack B. Tannous URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Athanasios-I-Gamolo
...o be found embedded in the Chronicle of Michael Rabo  . They include: a letter of Athanasios to Quryaqos ...
38
Athanasios II of Balad (d. 687) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Michael Philip Penn URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Athanasios-II-of-Balad
...  Bar  ... ʿEbroyo , Michael Rabo  , the Chronicle of Zuqnin, the Chronicle of 846... ...slation of an anonymous Greek introduction to logic (ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 14,660, ed. Furlani), and selected letters of ... ... of Edessa (ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 12,181; ed. Brooks 1902). Although none are fully extant, Athanasios also ... ...f Nazianzus is found in ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 14,725 and Michael  Rabo  refers to Athanasios as an interpreter of the scriptures. ... . 14,725 and Michael  Rabo  refers to Athanasios as an interpreter of the scriptures. ... . 14,725 and Michael  Rabo  refers to Athanasios as an interpreter of the scriptures. ...
39
Audo, Toma Toma Odo (1855–1918) [Chald.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Audo-Toma
... Alqosh of Qasha Hirmiz bar  Michael who was the brother of Patr. Yawsep Audo. Audo’s brother Israel Aud... ... where he served under his uncle’s successor Patr. Eliya ʿAbū  al-Yūnan. He later served as patriarchal vicar to ... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 498–500. Macuch, Geschichte, 211–3. G.  Oussani, ‘...
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Awgen, Mar (fl. 4th – early 5th cent.)Contributor: Edward G. Mathews, Jr. URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Awgen-Mar
... al-Zaʿfarān ). Mar Awgen is held in the highest esteem in all  the eastern churches with Syriac roots. Scholars have n... ... Sources P. Bedjan, Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum, vol. 3 (1890–97), 376–480. ... ...asteté (1896). S. Chialà, Abramo di Kashkar e la sua  comunità (2005), 13–20. J.-M.  Fiey, ‘Aônês... ...13–20. J.-M.  Fiey, ‘Aônês, Awun et Awgin’,  AB  80 (1962), 52–81. ...
41
Aydin, Nuʿmān (1908–2001) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aydin-Numan
...riarchal Vicar of Ṭur ʿAbdin from 1973 to 1980. In 1987 he immigrated to the USA  and settled in NJ. He was a masterful scribe. He was th... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 575–6. Macuch, Geschichte, 469. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 118–21. ...
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Ayyub, Barsoum (1932–1998)Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ayyub-Barsoum
... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 580–1. Macuch, Geschichte, 464. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 175–7. ...
43
Aḥob Qaṭraya (late 6th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Bas ter Haar Romeny URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ahob-Qatraya
.../324 person Exegete from Beth Qaṭraye mentioned by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha. (late 6th cen... ... mentioned by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha . According to Assemani he lived around ... ...hoʿdad of Merv (9th  cent.) has quoted Aḥob. In all  likelihood Christianity had already disappeared from the Beth Qaṭraye regio... ... Ishoʿyahb was chosen. ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha’s ‘Catalogue’ credits Aḥob with an ‘Elucidation of the whole New (Te... ...ḥob with an ‘Elucidation of the whole New (Testament), of the Pentateuch and all  the Prophets, in addition to (or: except for) an elucidation of the Beth Ma... ...ḥob with an ‘Elucidation of the whole New (Testament), of the Pentateuch and all  the Prophets, in addition to (or: except for) an elucidation of the Beth Ma... ...ḥob with an ‘Elucidation of the whole New (Testament), of the Pentateuch and all  the Prophets, in addition to (or: except for) an elucidation of the Beth Ma... ... however. Fragments of Aḥob were also quoted by  Ibn  al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043) in his biblical commentaries i...
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Aḥudemmeh (6th cent.?) [Ch. of E.?]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ahudemmeh
...or of a grammatical work, mentioned by Yoḥannan bar  Zoʿbi . ...
45
Babai of Nisibis (6th/7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Babai-of-Nisibis
 Babai  ... of Nisibis https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Babai -of-Nisibis http://syriaca.org/bibl/76 67 ... ...tan Chronicle there was rivalry between him and  Babai  the Great , as a result of which he was known a... ...he Great , as a result of which he was known as  Babai  the Small’. His authorship of a monastic ‘Letter to Cyriacus’, ... ...onastic ‘Letter to Cyriacus’, transmitted in W.-Syr. mss. and attributed to  Babai  whom the wicked Barṣawma ... ... Dadishoʿ ’s ‘Commentary on Abba  Isaiah’ (13:18). He was also author of some memre, one being ...
46
Babai the Great (ca. 551–628) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Babai-the-Great
 Babai  ... the Great https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Babai -the-Great http://syriaca.org/bibl/75 66 ... ... , the Ch. of E. was administered jointly by the Archdeacon and Babai , the latter having the title ‘Visitor of the monasteries’. He died shortly ... ... ’s ‘Gnostic Chapters’ (ed. with GT by Frankenberg, 1912).  Babai  also wrote a Commentary on Mark the Monk ... ...n the Ascetic Life’ are also unpublished, but there is an ET by G. Chediath, Babai  the Great. Some Useful Counsels on the Ascetic Life (Moran Etho 15; 200... ...e Great. Some Useful Counsels on the Ascetic Life (Moran Etho 15; 2001). Babai  wrote a set of Rules for monks, preserved only in Arabic translation (ed. w... ... laïques , nestoriens [1895; repr. 2007], 424–8) Babai  gives a list of his hagiographical works, but of these only the Life of Mih... ... , Mount Sinai. A large number of other works by Babai  have not survived ( ʿAbdishoʿ states that he w...
47
...ut de lettres orientales de Beyrouth 22, 23, and 42; 1965–1968). (covers all  traditions) ... ... M. Immerzeel, Identity puzzles. Medieval Christian art  in Syria and Lebanon ( OLA  84; 2009), esp. 41 and 83. ... ... A. Schmidt and S. Westphalen, Christliche Wandmalereien in Syrien. Qara  und das Kloster Mar Yakub (Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orien...
48
... the East (Translated from Assyrian into English by Y. A.  Baaba ) (2008). (includes a comparison of different existing lists) J. F. Coakle... ... Professor Han J. W. Drijvers, ed. G. J. Reinink and A. C. Klugkist  OLA  89; 1999), 65–83. (includes comparative discussion of two lists, by Yaw... ...  Papa   bar  ʿAggai ...  bar  ʿAggai ... ... Shemʿon  bar  Ṣabbaʿe d... ...  Aḥai  410 – 415 ... ...  Maʿna  420 ...
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... Severus bar  Mashqo ... ... were two counter-patriarchs: Yuḥanon of Kallinikos and Dawid of Dara . ... ... Yuḥanon (VII) bar  ʿAbdun 1004 – 1030 ... ... Yuḥanon VIII (IX) bar  ʿAbdun 1042 (1048?)... ... Yuḥanon IX (X), Ishoʿ bar  Shushan ... ... Athanasios (VII) Abulfaraj bar  Kamoro 1090 – 1129 ... ... Athanasios VII (VI) Yeshuʿ bar  Qeṭreh ... ... Michael I Rabo  ...
50
... Yaʿqub ʿAwad  1705 – 1733 ... ... Shemʿun ʿAwad  of Hasrun 1743 – 17...
51
... Or. oct. 1257:  Abgar  the Hagiographer ... ... Sachau 99 (Berlin 56): Ishoʿ bar  Shushan Yuḥanon X ... ... Mingana Syr. 29: Dawid bar  Pawlos M... ... Cambridge, UK, University Library  Add . 1700: New Testament Bible manuscripts ... ...olykarpos  Add  .... 1980:  Babai  the Great ... ...the Great  Add . 1981: Yoḥannan Azraq ... ...nan Azraq  Add . 1987: Ishaʿya of Beth Sbirina ...
52
BaghdadContributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Baghdad
... Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (d. 873), Abū  ... Bishr Mattā b. Yūnus (d. 940), Yaḥyā b.  ʿAdī  ... (893–974), and  Abū  al-Faraj  ibn  al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043), to name but a few (se... al-Faraj  ibn  al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043), to name but a few (se... al-Faraj  ibn  al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043), to name but a few (se... al-Faraj  ibn  al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043), to name but a few (se... ... II (mid-14th cent.) were still consecrated in Baghdad, but normally resided away  from Baghdad in northern Iraq and (today’s Iranian) Azerbaijan. ...
53
BahdeidatContributor: Erica Cruikshank Dodd URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bahdeidat
... L. Nordiguian and J.-C. Voisin, Châteaux et églises du moyen âge  au Liban (1999), 367–8. Y.  Sader, Painted Churches and Rock-Cut Chapels ...
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Balai (early 5th cent.)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Balai
...ly Greek and Syriac hymns for the consecration of church buildings’, ARAM  5 (1993), 329–70, esp. 259–67. R. R. Ph...
55
Bar Bahlul, Ḥasan (mid-10th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bar-Bahlul-Hasan
 Bar  ... Bahlul, Ḥasan https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Bar -Bahlul-Hasan http://syriaca.org/bibl/82 73 ... ... http://syriaca.org/bibl/82 73 Ḥasan Bar  Bahlul http://syriaca.org/person/365 person ... ...km. north of Baghdad , in the region of Ṭirhan, Bar  Bahlul spent most of his life in Baghdad and belonged to the Christian inte... ...al elite, who interacted with Muslim scholars and were thoroughly bilingual. Bar  Bahlul used both Syriac and Arabic in his publications. He was involved in ... ...al elite, who interacted with Muslim scholars and were thoroughly bilingual. Bar  Bahlul used both Syriac and Arabic in his publications. He was involved in ... ...as involved in the election of Cath. ʿAbdishoʿ I in 963.  Bar  Bahlul’s Lexicon (Syr. Leksiqon) deals with scholarly and technical termino... ...names are included as well. The words are in alphabetical order, even though Bar  Bahlul occasionally groups together Syriac words that are based on the same...
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Bar ʿAli, Ishoʿ ʿĪsā b. ʿAlī, Yashūʿ b. ʿAlī (second half of the 9th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Aaron M. Butts URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bar-Ali-Isho
 Bar   ʿAli  ..., Ishoʿ https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Bar Ali -Isho http://syriaca.org/bibl/81 72 ... ... http://syriaca.org/bibl/81 72 Ishoʿ Bar   ʿAli   ʿĪsā  b.  ʿAlī 
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Bar ʿEbroyo, Grigorios Grigorios Abū al-Faraj, Barhebraeus (1225/6–1286) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bar-Ebroyo-Grigorios
 Bar  ... ʿEbroyo, Grigorios https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Bar -Ebroyo-Grigorios http://syriaca.org/bibl/83 74 ... ...http://syriaca.org/bibl/83 74 Grigorios Bar  ʿEbroyo  Abū  al-Faraj Barhebraeus http://syriaca.org/person/239 ... ...c Renaissance of the 12th–13th cent. Grigorios Abū  al-Faraj, Barhebraeus (1225/6–1286) [Syr. Orth.] ... ... (since 1264) and polymath. Foremost representative of the Syriac Renaissance of the 12th–13th cent. Bar  ʿEbroyo was born as a son of the physician Ahrun in ... ...nds of the Crusaders) and, possibly, Damascus , Bar  ʿEbroyo was made bp. in 1246 of Gubos and a little later of Laqabin (both s... ... 1222–52). In the schism that followed the death of Ignatius III, Bar  ʿEbroyo sided at first with Dionysios ʿAngur ( ...
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Bar ʿEdta, Rabban (d. 611 or 621) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bar-Edta-Rabban
 Bar  ... ʿEdta, Rabban https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Bar -Edta-Rabban http://syriaca.org/bibl/84 75 ... ... http://syriaca.org/bibl/84 75 Rabban Bar  ʿEdta http://syriaca.org/person/366 person ... ... Abraham of Kashkar ; monastic leader. Bar  ʿEdta is credited with the foundation of an important monastery, probably i... ...r the river Khāzir. This monastery is said to have had as many as 400 monks. Bar  ʿEdta’s life is known primarily through a metrical composition by Abraham Z... ...an Bp. ʿAbdishoʿ (who might have been ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Bahrīz , even though it cannot be ruled out tha... ...th-cent. namesake). Abraham mentions as his main source a prose narrative by Bar  ʿEdta’s disciple Yoḥannan the Persian.  Bar  ʿEdta also features prominently in Ishoʿdnaḥ ...
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Bardaiṣan (154–222)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bardaisan
... person Earliest known Syriac author who flourished at the court of King Abgar  of Edessa . ... ...22) Earliest known Syriac author. He was active at the court of Abgar  VIII (177–212) in Edessa ... ... well as in prose, has to be reconstructed from later hostile sources (above all , Ephrem ); it was evid...
60
...y into Syriac, one of which was incorporated by  Bar  ʿEbroyo into his ‘Amusing stories’ (10, no. 3...
61
Barsoum, Murad Ṣaliba (1912–1996) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Barsoum-Murad-Saliba
... Sources Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 127–28. Unpublished eulogy by J. Tarzi (1996)....
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Barḥadbshabba ʿArbaya (late 6th / early 7th  cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Adam H. Becker Jeff W. Childers URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Barhadbshabba-Arbaya
...  Adam  H. Becker and Jeff W. Chil...
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Barṣawma of Nisibis (d. ca. 491–96) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Adam H. Becker URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Barsawma-of-Nisibis
...ma explaining his absence from the Synod of Mar  Aqaq  , held in 486, which further addressed the issues o... ... which further addressed the issues of clerical marriage. ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha is vague about his works, citing variou... ...urces)  Adam 
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Barṣawmo (d. ca. 458) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Barsawmo
...e earliest from the 11th cent.), is doubtful. In his Chronicle, Michael Rabo  , who was abbot in the monastery named after Barṣaw...
65
Barṣawmo Ṣafī, Grigorios (d. 1307/8) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Barsawmo-Safi-Grigorios
...//syriaca.org/person/245 person Younger brother of Grigorios Abū  al-Faraj  bar  ʿEbroyo and his successor as Maphrian (1288-1307/8). ... al-Faraj  bar  ʿEbroyo and his successor as Maphrian (1288-1307/8). ... ... (d. 1307/8) [Syr. Orth.] Younger brother of Grigorios Abū  al-Faraj  Bar  ʿEbroyo and his successor as maphrian (1288–1307/8... ... and his successor as maphrian (1288–1307/8). Almost  all  we know about Barṣawmo comes from his elder brother’s Ecclesiastical Histor... ...Barṣawmo’s role in the continuation of the building work at the Monastery of  Bar  Nagore in Barṭelle and the ... ...Barṣawmo’s role in the continuation of the building work at the Monastery of  Bar  Nagore in Barṭelle and the ...
66
...ere to die. After the large-scale movement of Syr. Orth. Christians into the area  around Melitene in the 10th cent., Patr. Yuḥanon da-Srigteh (965–986) and A... ...ecorded as having died in Dayro d-Mor Barṣawmo, and was succeeded by Yuḥanon bar  ʿAbdun (1004–31), a monk of that monastery. Patr. Dionysios IV (1032–42) wa... ...Among the patriarchs from that period, Basilios III (1074–75) and Athanasios bar  Kamore (1091–1129) were monks of Mor Barṣawmo. It is reported that measures... ... in 1148 and the synod held there in 1155 under Athanasios VI bar  Qeṭreh (1138/9–66). The monastery saw its heyday under Patr. ... .... The monastery saw its heyday under Patr. Michael I Rabo  (1166–99), who had been its abbot before his elect... ...astery, spent much of his patriarchate in Armenian and Frankish territory at Qalʿa  Rumoyto (Hromklay, Rum Kale) and Antioch ... ...he monastery and was joined there for a time by  Bar  ʿEbroyo , who was to revisit the monastery as maphr... ...f the monastery with its abbot Yaʿqub and his influential brother Shemʿun of Qalʿa  Rumoyto. His successor Philoxenos Nemrod (1283–92), a nephew of Shemʿun and...
67
... Barṣawmo Ṣafī , the brother of  Bar  ʿEbroyo , who died in Barṭelle in 1307/8 and Grigor... ...mal fount dated to 1342/43, currently in the church of Mart Shmuni. In 1284, Bar  ʿEbroyo built in Barṭelle a monastery dedicated to the martyrs John son of ...
68
Baselios Gewargis (d. 1748) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Baselios-Gewargis
...n Aleppo to Ibrāhīm b.  ʿAbd  al-Nūr and Naslikhan. He became a monk in 1701, and was later ordained prie... ... bp. Bp.  ʿAbd  al- Aḥad  of Jerusalem , and ... al- Aḥad  of Jerusalem , and ...
69
Basil of Caesarea (ca. 330–379)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Basil-of-Caesarea
... , and (independently) M. Albert, in ARAM  5 (1993), 33–64; and Letter 160, by A. Vööbus, in The Synodicon in the West... ... 179–91. b. 6 letters, one of which, addressed to the Monastery of Tell ʿAda  , has been edited by M. Albert, in After Bardaisan, ed. Reinink and Klugkis... ... , has been edited by M. Albert, in After Bardaisan, ed. Reinink and Klugkist  OLA  89), 11–22. c. A narrative poem, clearly composed in Syriac, on the biblica... ....  Brock, ‘Traduzioni siriache degli scritti di Basilio’, in Basilio tra  Oriente e Occidente, ed. E. Baudry et al. (2001), 165–80. (contains det...
70
Bedjan, Paul (1838–1920) [Chald.]Contributor: Heleen L. Murre-van den Berg URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bedjan-Paul
... Saints’ Lives, the History of Mar Yahbalaha, and works of  Bar  ʿEbroyo , Toma of Marg...
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Behnam, Dayro d-Mor Monastery of St. Behnam [formerly Syr. Orth., now Syr. Cath.]Contributor: Bas Snelders URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Behnam-Dayro-d-Mor
...Monastery of the Pit’. According to the legend of Mor Behnam (ed. P. Bedjan, AMS , vol. II, 397–441), the monastery was built in the 4th cent. on the site of... ... preserved in a Syr. Orth. ms. (London, Brit. Libr. Add . 12,174), which was copied in 1197 for Dayro d-Mor ... ... note by Patr. Michael I  Rabo  . Whatever the exact nature of the restoration work exe... ... 1259. Obviously benefiting from the economic and cultural boom in the Mosul area  during this period, the interior and exterior of the church were both ... ...ading Mongol army of Khan Baidu. The abbot of the monastery was subsequently able  ... to persuade Baidu not only to return all  the stolen objects, but even to make a donation, which was apparently used ... ... to persuade Baidu not only to return all  the stolen objects, but even to make a donation, which was apparently used ... ... to persuade Baidu not only to return all  the stolen objects, but even to make a donation, which was apparently used ...
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Beirut BerytusContributor: Ray Jabre Mouawad URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beirut
...tance. Medieval Syr. Orth. authors like Michael Rabo  and  Bar  ʿEbroyo support these claims. The monastery appare... ...destroyed Beirut entirely, including its famous Law School, although Michael Rabo  in his Chronicle describes the effects of the earthquake without mentioning... ...nonymous Rhenan pilgrim in 1098. It is there, the pilgrim affirms, that long ago  Saint George killed the dragon. Under the Ottomans in the 16th cent., the M... ... in the center of Beirut. The Maronite see of Beirut was built by Bp. Tubiyā ʿAwn  (1844–71) near the cathedral, and his successor ... ... Secondary Sources T.  Abī  ʿĀd, ‘Abrašiyat Bayrūt’, al-Manāra 1.2 (1992), 91–108. Fiey, Pour un Or...
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Bello, Estipān (1910–1989) [Chald.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bello-Estipan
... of Jūnā Mīkhā Ballo and Teresa Mīkhā Sāko and given the baptismal name ʿAbd  al- Aḥad  (he is somewhat related to the family of Patr. ... al- Aḥad  (he is somewhat related to the family of Patr. ... ... Hormisdas et l’Église chaldéenne dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle  OCA  122; 1939), he translated from Italian into Syriac a small book titled l-ʾa... ... ʾurḥā da-gmirā (Mosul, 1957). He also wrote a chronicle titled ṭebe yawmāye (ms.) and a book titled ktābā  d-purrāse (ms.). Sources ... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 514–5. Macuch, Geschichte, 416. ...
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Benjamin of Edessa (first half of the 9th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Benjamin-of-Edessa
... life he was found teaching at the monasteries of Eusebona (833/4) and Tell  ʿAda  (836/7, when in his capacity of Rabban d-dogma, ‘professor of dogma’, he wa... ... mention him in their colophons. One of them was Daniel (see ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 14,725; Wright, Catalogue … British Museum, vol. 2, 442). An ... ... ‘according to the tradition’ (mašlmonutho) of Mar Benjamin (ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 17,197; Wright, Catalogue … British Museum, vol. 2, 441a). While the W.-Syr. i... ...h the exception of a quotation by Dionysios  bar  ... Ṣalibi , mentioned by Barsoum),  Bar  Bahlul knows a certain Benjamin, dayroyo or iḥidoy... ... attributes a commentary on Dionysius (ed. Duval, 475.9–10 and 1383.6–7). In  all  likelihood we are dealing with the same person. (This Benjamin is clearly t... ...s (ʿellotho) for the Eucharist and baptism’, is preserved in ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 14,538, f. 38v (Wright, vol.  2, 1004b). It is unedited. ...
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... Nagran in S. Arabia); 6.  Peruz Shapur, later known as al Anbār  . The ‘ Arab ’ dioceses emerged under Abbasid rule. They include: 1.  al-Qaṣr, between Ba... ...the Aramaic language and ethnicity in general).  Bar  Bahlul , in his Lexicon, quotes some peculiar forms... ...substitute for ‘Aramaic’. This occurs, e.g., in  Ibn  al-Ṭayyib ’s ‘Paradise of Christianity’ (commenting... ... (commenting on the first language of the world) and in a related passage in Ibn  al-Nadīm’s Fihrist (Fiey 1990, 83–84; cf. K. Samir, ‘Théodore de Mopsueste ... ...LM 90 [1977], 355–63).  Bar  ʿEbroyo , in his Mukhtaṣar, is aware that the Aramaic language (nabṭiyya) o...
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Beth Garmai Bā-jarmāContributor: Amir Harrak URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beth-Garmai
... http://syriaca.org/bibl/108 99   -jarmā http://syriaca.org/place/33 place ... ... place An ecclesiastical province confined between the Lower Zab  northward, the Tigris westward, the Diyālā rive... ...ns of Ḥimrīn eastward.    ...-jarmā An ecclesiastical province confined between the Lower Zab  northward, the Tigris westward, the Diyālā river southward, and the mountai... ... 3rd cent., if not earlier, having its center possibly at Shahr-gird, but in any  case it was made so at the synod of 410. The earliest three bishops of Kark...
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Beth Lapaṭ Gondeshapur, Jundi-ShapurContributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beth-Lapat
...in the list of metropolitan sees, and later Mar Aba  specifies that he should preside over the election... ... of Gewargis, of the Bokhtishoʿ family (see Gabriel bar  Bokhtishoʿ ) in Beth Lapaṭ, to be his physician... ... N. Abbott, ‘Jundi-Shapur: A preliminary historical sketch’,  Ars  Orientalis 7 (1968), 53–73. J.-M. Fiey, ‘L’Elam, la première des métropoles... ... ein eine Medizinschule aus  dem 6. Jh. nach Chr.’, Gesnerus 36 (1979), 98–115. ... ... H.  H.  Schoffler, Die Akademie von Gondischapur. Aristoteles auf  dem Wege in den Orient (1980). A.  Siassi, ‘L’université de Gond-i Shapur e...
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Beth Nuhadra Ba-nuhadra, Benuhadra, Ba-hadraContributor: Amir Harrak URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beth-Nuhadra
... http://syriaca.org/bibl/110 101  Ba -nuhadra Benuhadra  Ba -hadra http://syriaca.org/place/36 place ... ...ishopric, extending from the small Khabur river to the Tigris, including the  area  ... of modern Zakho and part of Dehok.  Ba -nuhadra, Benuhadra,  Ba -hadra An E.-Syr. bishopric seat the heartland of which was the... -nuhadra, Benuhadra,  Ba -hadra An E.-Syr. bishopric seat the heartland of which was the... ...he region extending from the small Khabur river to the Tigris, including the area  of modern Zakho and part of Dehok. Administratively, it was under the juris... ... , a more or less triangular region confined between the Tigris, the Upper Zab , the Khāzir, and the Gomal. After the expansion of the Syr. Orth. community...
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...rt commentary attributed to Abraham Qaṭraya  bar  Lipeh . Another biblical interpreter frequently quoted in later ... ... works, esp. in biblical commentaries and in the Lexicon of  Bar  Bahlul . Some of these glosses are attributed to th... ... 171–96. S. P.  Brock, ‘Syriac writers from Beth Qaṭraye’, ARAM  11–12 (1999–2000), 85–96. S.... ... S.  Brock idem , ‘From Qatar to Tokyo, by way of Mar Saba ’,  ARAM  11–12 (1999/2000), 475–84. R. A.  Carter, ‘Christianity in the Gulf during ... ... Carter, ‘Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam’, Arab  Archaeology and Epigraphy 19 (2008), 71–108. R.... ...98–1968), 209–19. J. F.  Healey, ‘The Christians of Qatar in the 7th century A.D .’, in Studies in Honour of C. E. Bosworth, ed. I. R. Netton, vol. 1...
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Beth  ʿAbe  ..., Monastery of https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beth Abe -Monastery-of http://syriaca.org/bibl/105 96 ... ...riaca.org/bibl/105 96 Monastery of Beth ʿAbe  http://syriaca.org/place/223 place Famo... ...b had been banished from the Great Monastery by  Babai  for countenancing what  Babai  regarded as monastic laxity. The monastery that Yaʿqub founded was evidentl... ...Yaʿqub founded was evidently near the village of Kherpa, to the northwest of ʿAqra  (thus Fiey, against Budge); it must have been in or near an earlier inhabit... ... Budge); it must have been in or near an earlier inhabited site named Beth  ʿAbe  (thus Fiey, against Budge); it must have been in or near an earlier inhabit... ... Budge); it must have been in or near an earlier inhabited site named Beth  ʿAqra  (thus Fiey, against Budge); it must have been in or near an earlier inhabit...
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Beulay, Robert (1927–2007)Contributor: Mary T. Hansbury URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Beulay-Robert
...thesis Beulay had to assemble copies of mss., including the Arabic version — all  of this in Baghdad far from western libraries. In addition to Yoḥannan of D... ...urned permanently to France in 2004, for health reasons, his students exiled all  over the world kept in touch. He died in 2007 in Normandy and was buried in... ...1974), 1341–49. ‘Précisions touchant l’identité et la biographie de Jean Saba  de Dalyatha’, ParOr ... ...ientale 53; 1992). ‘De l’émerveillement à l’extase: Jean de Dalyatha et Abou  Saʿid al-Kharraz’, in Youakim Moubarac. Dossier ...
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...t is in the hands of the Syrians everywhere’ as  Bar  ʿEbroyo had to conclude in the introduction to his... ...ons’ (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Proverbs, Qohelet, Ruth, Song of Songs, Bar  Sira, and Job; especially in the E.-Syr. tradition). Differences between th... ...41–71.  Bas 
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...cribed to Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi according to a subscription in ms. Oxford, New Coll. ...
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...t of Isaiah (5ph1 in the Leiden Peshitta edition; 459/60), and a Pentateuch  5b1 ; 463/4). Of the ca. 50 Peshitta mss. dating from before... ...with the entire OT (8a1, 12a1). Bilingual mss. are also very rare and almost  all  are Syriac with Arabic; an exceptional case is a pentaglot Psalter, Syriac ... ...iothèque Nationale, syr. 341. Eine frühchristliche Bilderhandschrift aus  dem 6. Jahrhundert (1991). (= 8a1) W.  van  Peu...
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... themselves. One might refer to the ‘Catalogue of Books’ by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha (d. 1318), a poem listing all Syriac au... ... (Den Biesen 2002) and  Bar  ʿEbroyo (Takahashi 2005), or the more limited ones...
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Bidāry, Pawlos (1887/1890–1974) [Chald.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bidary-Pawlos
... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 511–2. Macuch, Geschichte, 414–5. ...
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Bnay Qyāmā, Bnāt Qyāmā sing. bar qyāmā, ba(r)t qyāmā Contributor: Robert A. Kitchen URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bnay-Qyama-Bnat-Qyama
... 110 Bnāt Qyāmā Bnay Qyāmā  bar  qyāmā  ba (r)t qyāmā org Terms for a committed community of ascetic in... ... to the present. sing. bar  qyāmā,  ba (r)t qyāmā Terms for a... ... some see the concept of ‘taking a stand’ or ‘covenant’ to have developed. A bar ba (r)t qyāmā is a ‘son/daughter of the covenant’ or ‘covenanter’ (see ... ba (r)t qyāmā is a ‘son/daughter of the covenant’ or ‘covenanter’ (see ... ... iḥidāyā ‘solitary, single’, as a synonym for bar 
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Bostra BoṣraContributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bostra
...rse. Along with Christianity, there were local pagan cults, Judaism, and, in all  likelihood, Manichaeism. One of Bostra’s famous bishops, ... ...at is preserved in the earliest dated Syriac ms. of 411 (London, Brit. Libr. Add . 12,150), written in Edessa ... ...rated in the 6th cent. Bostra, which must have had a strong Arab  component throughout its history, fell to the Arabs in 635. It is in Bostra... ... Sources A. Abel , ‘Boṣrā (Bostra)’, in EI ...
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Braun, Oskar (1862–1931)Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Braun-Oskar
...work for his doctoral dissertation on Mushe bar  Kipho ’s ‘Book of the Soul’, a German translation of ... ... e.g. e.g., on  Papa  , Barṣawma of Nisi... ...2). Chabot primarily based his work on the same Roman mss. as Braun, but was able  to obtain a second late 19th-cent. copy of the Alqosh ms. Even in the light... ... Select publications by Braun Moses bar  Kepha und sein Buch von der Seele (1891). ... ...n†’, Literarische Beilage der Augsburger Postzeitung, No. 34 (26 Aug . 1931). (biography) ...
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... consecrated by Mar Basilius (Luis Mariane Soares) a bp. of the Ch. of E. in India in 1902. All  these consecrations were irregular and in later years neither of the church... ... P. F. Anson, Bishops at large (1964).  Abba  Seraphim, Flesh of our brethren (2006). ...
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Brockelmann, Carl (1868–1956)Contributor: Hubert Kaufhold URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Brockelmann-Carl
... ‘Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen von C. B.,  als  Manuskript hrsg. von Rudolf Sellheim’, Oriens 27–28 (1981), 1–65. (with photograph) ... ... 108 (1958), 1–13. (also published as ‘C. B. als  Orientalist’, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Unive...
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Cardahi, Gabriel Gabriʾel Qardaḥe, Jibrāʾīl al-Qardāḥī (1845–1931) [Maron.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Cardahi-Gabriel
... Alqosh , and Khamis bar  Qardaḥe , Cardahi’s preliminary and fragmentary... ...riac texts: the ‘Paradise of Eden’ by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha (Beirut, 1889) and the ‘Book of the Dov... ...a (Beirut, 1889) and the ‘Book of the Dove’ by  Bar  ʿEbroyo (Rome, 1898 — the same year in which the s... ... (1889). Abulfaragii Gregorii Bar -Hebraei Mafriani Orientis Kithâbhâ dhiyaunâ, seu Liber columbae...
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Cause of Causes (10th–12th cent.?)Contributor: Alessandro Mengozzi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Cause-of-Causes
...xegetical works (Yaʿqub of Edessa and Mushe  bar  Kipho ) and motifs and themes of mystical-ascetical literature. ... ...h as the Melk. Theodoros  Abū  Qurra , 9th cent., and the Syr. Orth. ... ... , 9th cent., and the Syr. Orth. Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī  , 10th cent.) and aims at strengthening the faith o... ...n der Erkenntniss der Wahrheit, oder, der Ursache aller Ursachen aus  dem syrischen Grundtext ins Deutsche übersetzt (1893). ... ...dentity and the systematisation of knowledge in the Syriac “Cause of all  causes” ’, in Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts. Proceedings of the ...
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Cave of Treasures Mʿarrat Gazze Contributor: Clemens Leonhard URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Cave-of-Treasures
... Treasures (1927). (ET according to ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 25,875 ff. 3b–50b) J.-P.  Mahé, La Caverne des ... ... 9 (2001), 251–71. A.  Toepel, Die Adam - und Seth-Legenden im syrischen “Buch der Schatzhöhle” (CSCO 61...
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Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1860–1947)Contributor: Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chabot-Jean-Baptiste
... Gospels by Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi ). A member of the Académie des Inscriptions et ...
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...l of the Portuguese, once a Latin Catholic hierarchy had been established in Goa , the indigenous Christians came to be viewed as heretical Nestorians who we... ...the end of the 16th cent. the Portuguese authorities had effectively cut off all  connections with the Ch. of  E. in the Middle East, although in the early 1... ...ly 18th cent. two bishops of the Ch. of E. who had become Chald. (Shemʿon of ʿAda , d. 1720; and Gabriel, d. 1731) came to India where they caused considerabl... ...nting (in 1982) of Timotheos I’s Letters (1–38), left ready by Darmo, hardly any  further Syriac texts were published, apart from offset reproductions. ...
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ChicagoContributor: James F. Coakley URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chicago
...place One of the centers of the Assyrian diaspora in the  USA . One of the centers of t... ... One of the centers of the Assyrian diaspora in the  USA . The first Assyrians in Chicago in the 1890s were young men who had attende...
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... the apostle of China, which appears in such E.-Syr. sources as  Ibn  al-Ṭayyib ’s Fiqh al-naṣrāniyya (VI.1.41, ... ...41, ed. Hoenerbach-Spies II.138.7–8), ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha ’s Nomocanon (IX.1, ed. Mai 317a ... ...omocanon VIII.15, ed. Mai 304a 20–21) which credits the Ch. of E. Catholicoi Aḥai  (410–414) and Shila (503–523) with the erection of a metropolitan see for C... ...of a metropolitan see for China. ʿAbdishoʿ himself gives the credit to Ṣliba Zka  (714–28), while Ishoʿyahb (probably Ishoʿyahb III ... ...of a metropolitan see for China. ʿAbdishoʿ himself gives the credit to Ṣliba Zka  (714–28), while Ishoʿyahb (probably Ishoʿyahb III ... ...of a metropolitan see for China. ʿAbdishoʿ himself gives the credit to Ṣliba Zka  (714–28), while Ishoʿyahb (probably Ishoʿyahb III ... ...of a metropolitan see for China. ʿAbdishoʿ himself gives the credit to Ṣliba Zka  (714–28), while Ishoʿyahb (probably Ishoʿyahb III ... ... Ishoʿyahb III [649–59]) is given the honor by Ibn  al-Ṭayyib (Fiqh al-naṣrāniyya VI.1.16, ed. Hoenerbach-Spies II.121.4–5). Th...
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Chronicle of 1234 Edessene Chronicle [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Jan J. van Ginkel URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chronicle-of-1234
...l author was a younger contemporary of Patr. Michael Rabo  (1166–99) and in 1173 was present at the patriarchal ...
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Chronicle of Edessa (mid-6th cent.)Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chronicle-of-Edessa
...a (nos. 51 and 59) and  Hiba  (nos. 59, 60, 64, and 68), to the 449 Council of E... ...ved much attention in modern scholarship. The Chronicle’s extreme paucity of data  on Christianity in Edessa prior to the beginning of the 4th cent. ... ... It was only in the 4th cent., in his view, that ‘orthodox’ Christianity was able  to assert itself and to oppress ‘non-orthodox’ groups, whose literary histo... ...ely erased. In addition, scholars have noted the absence in the Chronicle of any  reference to the conversion of the Abgarids or to the mission of Addai. Thi... ...ely erased. In addition, scholars have noted the absence in the Chronicle of any  reference to the conversion of the Abgarids or to the mission of Addai. Thi... ...ely erased. In addition, scholars have noted the absence in the Chronicle of any  reference to the conversion of the Abgarids or to the mission of Addai. Thi...
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... Nisibis (d. 1046) and Michael Rabo  (d. 1199). The Chronicle of ... ...d in Chronicle of 1234 (see below) and in the Chronicle of Patr. Michael Rabo . The latter massive Chronicle is divided into three parts in three columns,... ... and religious histories in two columns and various events in the third one, all  up to the year 1195. The chronicle was translated into Armenian and Arabic,... ...onymous Chronicle of 1234 and the Chronicle of  Bar  ʿEbroyo (d.  1286), both divided into two rather t... ... rather than three parts, covering secular and ecclesiastical histories. In  Bar  ʿEbroyo’s Chronicle, secular history begins with the creation of the world ... ...ical history starts with Aaron and subsequent high priests; in the Christian era  the chronicler concentrates on the patriarchs of Antioch ... ...ical history starts with Aaron and subsequent high priests; in the Christian era  the chronicler concentrates on the patriarchs of Antioch ... ...do-Dionysius of Tel-Maḥrē: A Study in the History of Historiography  Acta  Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Semitica Upsaliensia 7; 1987). ...
102
... CPG 1015 (4–5), 1016. P.  Bedjan, Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum (1896), vol. 6, 1–17. (epitome, Syr.) ...
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ColophonsContributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Colophons
...ation, and the name(s) of the reigning hierarchs. For the date, the Seleucid era  is normally used (to find the AD equivalent, subtract 311, or if the month ... ... sometimes also used, and Melkite mss. frequently employ the Byzantine World Era  (subtract 5508, or if Sep.–Dec., 5509). Other eras ( ... ... Ascension) are only rarely found. From the 17th cent. onwards the Christian era  is also employed, sometimes in conjunction with the Seleucid (which continu... ...leucid (which continued in use well into the 20th cent.). In India the Kulam era  (beginning AD 825) is sometimes used. Dates given (sometimes including the ... ...al ones. In order to discourage unauthorized removal of a ms. dire curses on any  would-be culprit may be provided. Further information of a purely historica... ... OC 76 [1992], 85–7). The oldest dated Christian ms. in any  language is Brit. Libr.  Add . 12,150, whose colophon states that it was written in Edessa and completed ... ...ten in Edessa and completed in Nov. 411. A  number of formulaic features are apt  to reappear, such as the comparison of the scribe reaching his last line wi...
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...ng evidence of the immediate coexistence of Coptic and Manichean Syr. (or at any  rate an Aramaic dialect, very close to Syr. in both language and script). T... ...s were divided between Chalcedonians and anti-Chalcedonians, the latter were able  in the course of the 6th cent. to build a church structure that became the ... ...f Alexandria, arguing that in times of oppression the two Churches needed to act  as one. Severus won for himself lasting authority in both the Syr. and the ... ...o be used within the individual churches. The absence of any  dogmatic barrier made it possible for Syr. Christians to fully integrate in... ... such as the Monastery of Mar Michael, in Upper Egypt, where ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 14,582 was produced in 816; an unnamed monastery in the Thebais where in 8... ...16; an unnamed monastery in the Thebais where in 822/23 the monk Ahron, from Dara  ...16; an unnamed monastery in the Thebais where in 822/23 the monk Ahron, from Dara , produced ms. Brit. Libr.  Add . 14,623 (reusing a 6th-cent. ms. that contained ...
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Cyril of Jerusalem (ca. 315–387)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Cyril-of-Jerusalem
...on of the Cross, ed. with ET, J. F. Coakley, in  AB  102 (1984), 71–84; and 2. on the attempted rebuild...
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Dabbūs, Antoine (1916–1983) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dabbus-Antoine
... . He was the principal of the ʿĀmūda school, taught in Raʾs al ʿAyn , and co-founded a school in his village. He wrote for a... ...f poems. He translated from Arabic Muʾayyid al-Dīn al-Ṭaghraʾī’s Lāmiyyat al ʿajam  (published in Munūfar Barṣūm), a short poem by Rabindranath Tagore (1861–19... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 574. Macuch, Geschichte, 456. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 93–8. ...
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Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya (late 7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dadisho-Qatraya
...rvives), Arabic, and Ethiopic. There is also a fragment of his Commentary on Abba  Isaiah in Sogdian. ... ...s cincos tratados sobre la quietud (shelya) de Dadishoʿ Qatraya  Aula  Orientalis Supplement 18; 2001). (Syr.) ... ... L.  Abramowski, ‘Dadisho Qatraya and his Commentary on the Book of  Abbas  Isaiah’, Harp 4 (1991), 67–83. R. A.  K... ... 67–83. R. A.  Kitchen, ‘Dadisho Qatraya’s Commenatry on Abba  Isaiah: the Apophthegmata Patrum connection’, ... ...n the Paradise of the Fathers’,  AB  112 (1994), 33–64. ...
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DamascusContributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Damascus
...later periods, Damascus was the most important city in the Bilād al-Shām, an area  covering what is today the southern part of Syria, as well as Lebanon, Pale... ...ital of the province of al-Shām. Damascus is today the capital of the Syrian Arab  Republic, with a population of ca. 1.6 million (2.7 million in the conurbat... ...ital of the province of al-Shām. Damascus is today the capital of the Syrian Arab  Republic, with a population of ca. 1.6 million (2.7 million in the conurbat... ... Jerusalem . Gregory (Cyril) ʿAṭāʾ  Allāh, whose activities in India triggered the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653 (s... ...ether with his son Sergios, of several works of  Bar  ʿEbroyo . Among the Syr. Orth. bishops of Damascus ... ...Allāh al-Ṣadadī (1754–82), the translator of the Chronicle of Michael I Rabo  into Arabic in 1759. The Syr. Orth. patriarchate was t... ... Fifteen churches were left to the Christians in Damascus after the Arab  ... conquest, among them a ‘Jacobite church’ and a ‘church of the ʿIbād ’, i.e. i.e., ...
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Danhash, George (1921–1969) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Danhash-George
... Isḥāq Armalah and  ʿAbd  al-Masīḥ Qarabashī . He taught in the Syr. Orth... ... rḥimto was published with musical notation by Gabriel Asʿad  (Aleppo, 1935). ... ... Sources Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 35–8, 63–4. ...
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Daniel bar Maryam (7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel-bar-Maryam
Daniel  bar  ... Maryam https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel bar -Maryam http://syriaca.org/bibl/160 151 ... ... 7th-cent. historians whose works have not been preserved, Eliya of Merv and Bar  Sahde). Daniel’s Ecclesiastical History is mentioned by ... ...cclesiastical History is mentioned by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha , along with a work dealing with chronol... ... work dealing with chronology (which is not otherwise known). Perhaps Daniel bar  ... Maryam is the same person as Daniel bar  Ṭubanitha . Sources ... ... Sources E.  Degen, ‘Daniel bar  Maryam. Ein nestorianischer Kirchenhistoriker’, ... ... 45–80. eadem, ‘Die Kirchengeschichte des Daniel bar  Maryam — eine Quelle der Chronik von Seʿert?’ ...
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Daniel bar Ṭubanitha (7th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel-bar-Tubanitha
Daniel  bar  ... Ṭubanitha https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel bar -Tubanitha http://syriaca.org/bibl/161 152 ... ...Garmai ). ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha attributes several works to him: a ‘Boo... ...shortly after, the time of Isḥaq, possibly in the 7th cent. Moreover, Daniel bar  Ṭubanitha, with his full name, is mentioned a number of times in the later ... ... work is ever provided. The question arises whether Daniel bar  Ṭubanitha might be the same person as Dani... ...ubanitha might be the same person as Daniel bar  Maryam — Ṭubanitha ‘the blessed one’ ... ... et d’histoire ancienne 4 (1896), 252–57, esp. 257. E.  Degen, ‘Daniel bar  Maryam. Ein nestorianischer Kirchenhistoriker’, ...
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Daniel of Mardin (1327 – after 1382) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel-of-Mardin
...adings (listed in Assemani, BibOr II, 463), resumés of various works by  Bar  ʿEbroyo , and two theological works; he was also th... ... , and two theological works; he was also the copyist of some of Bar  ʿEbroyo’s works (Takahashi, 491). His only surviving work in Syriac is an a... ...ngana Syr. 306. His Arabic works sometimes give the author’s name as ‘Daniel ibn  al-Khaṭṭāb (or al-Ḥaṭṭāb in Mingana ms. Chr. Ar. 100) of Mardin’; this is u... .... 100) of Mardin’; this is usually thought to be a confusion with the Daniel bar  ... Ḥaṭṭāb to whom Khamis bar  Qardaḥe addressed a question incorporated into... ... Qardaḥe addressed a question incorporated into a poem by Bar  ʿEbroyo (A. Scebabi, Gregorii Hebraei Carmina [1877], ... ...gorii Hebraei Carmina [1877], 153–4), whence it has been deduced that Daniel bar  ... Khaṭṭāb was a younger contemporary of Bar  ʿEbroyo. This assumes that the question and answer are not (as would seem m...
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Daniel of Ṣalaḥ (fl. mid-6th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: David G. K. Taylor URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daniel-of-Salah
... Apamea (the modern twin villages of Kefr and Bara ). Abbot Yuḥanon is listed in the Chronicle of ... ...t Yuḥanon is listed in the Chronicle of Michael Rabo  (IX.14) amongst those condemned for their oppositi... ... of Ephesus was produced by one of his monks in 535 (ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 14,530). By 567, however, Yuḥanon had disappeared from the scene, for one ... ...n (southeast Turkey), and this has been followed by all  subsequent western scholars. In the present Syr. Orth. monastery of Ṣalaḥ, ... ...tr. Ignatius Afram Barsoum who instead links Daniel to Ṣaliḥiye (near modern Abū  Kāmāl in Syria) on the left bank of the Euphrates just south of ancient ... ... Yaʿqub Burdʿoyo , and neither has any  ... later reference to his episcopacy yet been found in any  source other than the mss. of his Psalm Commentary. Dan... ... later reference to his episcopacy yet been found in any  source other than the mss. of his Psalm Commentary. Dan...
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Daoud, Francis (1870–1939) [Chald.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Daoud-Francis
...hn . He was ordained a priest in 1893 by Patr. Eliya ʿAbū  al-Yūnān, and in 1910 was consecrated bp. for al-ʿAmadiyya by Patr. Emmanue... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 507. Macuch, Geschichte, 412. ...
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Dawid Puniqoyo Dāwūd al-Ḥimṣī (ca. 1431 – ca. 1500) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Aaron M. Butts URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dawid-Puniqoyo
...th cent. According to traditional biographical sources, he was born Dawid b. ʿAbd  al-Karīm b. Ṣalāḥ in al-Qaryatayn in 1431. At a young  age , he moved to Ḥimṣ , ... ...f Ṣalaḥ , Dionysios  bar  ... Ṣalibi , and  Bar  ʿEbroyo . Dawid also composed a number of poetic wo... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 582–4. Barsoum, Scattered pearls, 503–5. A. M.  Bu... ... (incl. further references) H.  Kaufhold, ‘Notizen über das Moseskloster bei Nabk  und das Julianskloster bei Qaryatain in Syrien’, ... ...yr.), 40–2 (LT). A.  Vööbus, ‘Die Entdeckung des Psalmenkommentars des Dawid bar 
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Dawid bar Pawlos (8th/9th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dawid-bar-Pawlos
Dawid  bar  ... Pawlos https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dawid bar -Pawlos http://syriaca.org/bibl/167 158 ... ...he alphabet (ed. Gottheil), a commentary on Genesis 10 (in ms. British Libr. Add . 14,620; incomplete) and a dialogue with a Melkite on the Trisagion (excerp... ... ) F. H.  Dolapönu (Dolabani), Egroteh d-Dawid bar  Pawlos d-metidaʿ d-Bet Rabban (1953). R.  G... ...y a philosopher’, with ET) R.  Gottheil, ‘Dawidh bar  Paulos, a Syriac grammarian’, JAOS 15... ... idem , ‘A midrashic poem on the alphabet, attributed to David bar  Paul’, ZA ... ... ZA 8 (1893), 86–99.  ʿAbd  al-Masīḥ Nuʿmān d-Qarahbash, Esrin wa-tren mimrin d-ḥekmto d-simin ... ...ān d-Qarahbash, Esrin wa-tren mimrin d-ḥekmto d-simin l-mor(y) David bar  Pawlos d-Bet Rabban (837†) (1980). (previously published in E. J. M...
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Denḥa (9th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Stephen D. Ryan, O.P. URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Denha
...thor of a commentary on the Psalms. On the basis of remarks by Yoḥannan bar  Zoʿbi , Wright and Baumstark identify Denḥa as a di... ...Baumstark identify Denḥa as a disciple of Ishoʿ bar  Nun , placing him in the first half of the 9th cent... ... Nathniel of Sirzor (ca. 600), and one of Ishoʿ bar  Nun’s ‘Selected Questions’ (dealing with Ps. 119). The commentary appears t... ...y Dionysios  bar  ... Ṣalibi (factual commentary) and  Bar  ʿEbroyo . A  few extracts of the Denḥa-Grigor c...
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Diamper, Synod of (20–27 June 1599)Contributor: Hidemi Takahashi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diamper-Synod-of
...sited (Kanonika 9; 2001). I.  Perczel, ‘Have the flames of Diamper destroyed all  the old manuscripts of the Saint Thomas Christians?’ ... ... 20 (2006), 87–104. J.  Thaliath, The Synod of Diamper  OCA  152; 1958, repr. Bangalore, 1999). J. Thekkedat... ...ch Syromalabaren genannt) (1583–1602)’,  AHC  18 (1986), 334–447. ...
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DiasporaContributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diaspora
...(2003), involving the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Syr. Catholic, and Syr. Orth. In  all  these upheavals displacement and emigration has also been to other countrie... ...o Russia] in the case of the Chaldeans and Assyrians) and to the West, above all  at this stage to the Americas, both North and South. The flight of Assyrian... ...of Israel, and it has only been in the last 50 years that large numbers from all  the Syr. Churches have emigrated to countries of western Europe, with a pre... ... Ancient Church of the East: Germany (Mainz), Western  USA  (Modesto, California), and Australia and New Zealand. ... ...ch of the East: Europe (Norsborg, Sweden); Canada (Weston, Ontario); Eastern USA  (Chicago; residence of the ... ... patr. ), Western USA  (Glendale, Arizona); Western California (San Jose); Australia and New Zeala... ...ce, and Russia. Whereas some 150,000 now live in the Diaspora (ca. 90,000 in USA , and 10,000 in Australia/New Zealand), only ca. 100,000 remain in the Middl... ...00 remain in the Middle East. Chaldean Catholic Church: USA  (Southfield, Michigan; San Diego [since 2002]), with ca. 170,000 faithful; ...
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DiatessaronContributor: William L. Petersen URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diatessaron
...Later commentators and writers (e.g., Theodoros bar  Koni , Ishoʿdad of... ... Merv , Dionysios  bar  ... Ṣalibi , ʿAbdishoʿ bar  ... Brikha ) all  speak of it with great respect.  Bar  Brikha even imputes to Tatian an almost mystical grasp of the ‘intention’ o... speak of it with great respect.  Bar  Brikha even imputes to Tatian an almost mystical grasp of the ‘intention’ o... speak of it with great respect.  Bar  Brikha even imputes to Tatian an almost mystical grasp of the ‘intention’ o... ...ay to resolve these problems was Marcion’s: to select one gospel and exclude all  others. But the same problem may also be solved as Tatian did: create one G...
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Didascalia Apostolorum Teaching of the ApostlesContributor: Maria E. Doerfler URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Didascalia-Apostolorum
... Kirchliche kirchliche  Amt  in der Syrischen s...
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Dinno, Niʿmatullāh (1885–1951) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Khalid Dinno URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dinno-Nimatullah
...eform-minded educator. He was born in Mosul to ʿAbd  ... al-Karīm Dinno and grew up at a time when his Church was at the low ebb , having emerged from nearly a half cent. of Catholic conversion. He also ... ... al-Karīm Dinno and grew up at a time when his Church was at the low ebb , having emerged from nearly a half cent. of Catholic conversion. He also ... ...erment of the Church that he so deeply loved to meet the challenges of a new era . Part of this legacy was several unfinished literary works, which Patr. Zak... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 560–2. Lisan al-Mashriq, Mosul 3 (1951), ... ... 353–60. Macuch, Geschichte, 440–1. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 39–43. Patriarchal Magazine, Damascus 2 (1982...
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Dionysios bar Ṣalibi (d. 1171) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dionysios-bar-Salibi
Dionysios  bar  ... Ṣalibi https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dionysios bar -Salibi http://syriaca.org/bibl/178 169 ... ...fic Syr. Orth. author. A biography, by Patr. Michael Rabo  , is unfortunately lost. He was probably born in ... ...Of the OT commentaries only those on Psalms 73–82 (ed. S. D. Ryan, Dionysius bar  Salibi’s Factual and Spiritual Commentary on Psalms 73–82 [Cahiers de l... ...That on the Pauline Epistles remains unpublished (for mss., see A. Vööbus in Abr  Nahrain 9 [1969/70], 39–42). The commentary on the Apocalypse preserves som... ...T by H. Labourt (CSCO 13–14; 1903). There is an ET by B. Varghese, Dionysius Bar  Salibi. Commentary on the Eucharist (Kottayam, 1998). Besides the ... ...n the baptismal service and the Myron (ed. with ET by B. Varghese, Dionysius Bar  Salibi. Commentary on Myron and Baptism [Moran Etho 29; 2006]). ... ..., with ET), the Jews (ed. de Zwaan, 1906; text only), and the Muslims (J. P. Amar , CSCO 614–5; 2005) have been published. There are important studies of the ...
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Dionysios of Tel Maḥre (d. 845) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Witold Witakowski URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dionysios-of-Tel-Mahre
...s came from the village of Tel Maḥre. He was a monk in the monastery of John bar  Aphtonia at Qenneshre , but after its destruct... ...her monastery and eventually to the Monastery of Mar Yaʿqub at Kayshum. On 1 Aug . 818 at the synod in Kallinikos, on the suggestion of ... ...t to Egypt to meet Emir ʿAbdallāh, from whom he received an edict commanding any  further destruction of churches to stop and to rebuild the ones that had be... ...Dionysios ordained 99 bishops (Michael, 754–55 / III, 453–55). He died on 22 Aug . 845 and was buried in his former monastery of Qenneshre. ... ... books. Dedicated to Iwannis of  Dara  , it covered the period of over two and a half centuries, from ... ...ne emperor Maurice (582) until the death of Emperor Theophilos and of Caliph Abū  Isḥāq al-Muʿtaṣim (842) (Michael, Chronicle, 544 / III, 111). It has not be... ...onicle of 1234 and the Chronicle of Michael Rabo  . Dionysios’s sources are not directly known, but the a... ... A.  Abouna, Anonymi auctoris Chronicon ad  A.C . 1234 pertinens (CSCO 354; 1974), 198–206. R.  Abramowski, Dionysius vo...
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Dionysius Thrax ‘the Thracian’ (ca. 170 – ca. 90 BC)Contributor: Emanuel A. Fiano URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dionysius-Thrax
... of Aristarchus of Samothrace; and alleged author of the Téchnē grammatikḗ ( Art  of Grammar’), which became the standard grammar handbook in Constantinople ... ...of Aristarchus of Samothrace; and alleged author of the Téchnē grammatikḗ ( Art  of Grammar’), which became the standard grammar handbook in Constantinople ... ... 6th cent. This translation is attributed by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha and by E.-Syr. mss. to the maqryānā ...
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... 1927), probably by Sṭephanos  bar  Ṣudayli ; this work claims to be by the teacher of Dionysius; ...
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Diosqoros of Gozarto (13th/14th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diosqoros-of-Gozarto
... (Cizre) in 1285/6. He was the author of a verse biography of  Bar  ʿEbroyo and of his brother Barṣawmo Ṣafī ... ...d.), Diosqoros d-Gozarto. Mimro ʿal qadišo Grigoriyos maphryono d-hu Bar  ʿEbroyo (Glane/Losser, 1985). E.  Renaudot, Lit... ... Anaphora) H.  Takahashi, ‘A mimro on Maphrian Gregory Barṣawmo Ṣafī Bar  ʿEbroyo by Dioscorus Gabriel of Barṭelli, Bishop of Gozarto d-Qardu’, i...
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Dolabani, Philoxenos Yuḥanon Yūḥannā Dūlabānī (1885–1969) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dolabani-Philoxenos-Yuhanon
... 1952); a list of lectionary readings (Mardin, 1954); selected poems of  Bar  ... ʿEbroyo (Jerusalem, 1929); poems of Yuḥanon Bar  Maʿdani (Jerusalem, 1929); poems of Nuḥ the ... ... Nuḥ the Lebanese (1956); and Bar  ʿEbroyo’s ‘Book of the Dove’ (Mardin, 1916). He authored over 40 books in S...
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Dorekthā Contributor: Alessandro Mengozzi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dorektha
...d. poets. The 19th-cent. dorekthā On the Virgin Mary (1st line B-šemmā d bābā  u-bronā ‘In the name of the Father and of the Son’), attributed to the Sure...
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Draguet, René (1896–1980)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Draguet-Rene
... Scetis (CSCO 289–90, 293–4; 1968), the Commentary on Abba  Isaiah’s Asceticon by Dadishoʿ ... ...he provided the French translation of Theodoros bar  Koni ’s ‘Book of Scholia’ (CSCO 431–2; 1981), w... ...ook of Scholia’ (CSCO 431–2; 1981), whose text alone had been published long ago  (CSCO 55, 69; 1910, 1912) by A. Scher , who ...
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...assistance of W. J. van Bekkum, G. J. van Gelder, and G. J. Reinink, All  those nations … Cultural encounters within and with the Near Ea...
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... 1–20. eadem, ‘Paradise lost, paradise regained: The meaning of Adam  and Eve in the baptistery of Dura-Europos’, ... ...Eve in the baptistery of Dura-Europos’,  ECA  5 (2008), 43–57. D... ...and H. L.  Kessler, The frescoes of the Dura Synagogue and Christian art  (1990). ...
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Duval, Paul-Rubens (1839–1911)Contributor: Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Duval-Paul-Rubens
...dge. Texte et traduction (1893). (= vol. 2 of La chimie au Moyen Âge , ed. M. Berthelot) La littérature syri...
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al-Duwayhī, Isṭifān (1630–1704) [Maron.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/al-Duwayhi-Istifan
...atr. (1670–1704) and scholar. He was born on 2 Aug . 1630 in Ahden, and as a boy he was sent (in 1641) to Rome to study at the ... ... 29 (2004), 61–82. M.  Abou  Diwan, ‘La figure patriarcale selon le manuscrit Vat. syr. 215 du patri... ... ParOr 30 (2005), 427–33.  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 651–3. P.  Chébli [Šiblī], Tarjamat abīnā  al-maghbūṭ Isṭifānūs al-Duwayhī baṭriyark Anṭākiya (1630–1704) ...
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... character, although a few voices (notably that of  Bar  ʿEbroyo ) were to be heard, pointing out that u...
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EddéContributor: Erica Cruikshank Dodd URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Edde
...s of Mount Lebanon, above the town of Batrun (Botrom); site of church of Mar Saba . The town of Eddé lies i... ...hills of Mount Lebanon, above the town of Batrun (Botrom). The church of Mar Saba , which nowadays is Maronite, is an imposing Crusader building from the 12th... ... L.  Nordiguian and J.-C.  Voisin, Châteaux et églises du moyen âge  ... au Liban (1999), 380–1. L.  Nordiguian and N. Reveyron, ‘L’église Mar Saba  de Eddé (Batroun). Pour une archéologie du bâti au Liban’, Tempora. ...
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EdessaContributor: Amir Harrak URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Edessa
... enjoyed independence, being ruled by local kings (most of whom were named  Abgar  or Maʿnu) until AD 213 when it turned into a Roman colony (see Abgarids). Christianity spread out i... ...ids). Christianity spread out in Mesopotamia probably through Edessa, and in any  case, its Aramaic dialect attested in inscriptions, deeds of sales, and coi... ... Marcion , and Mani , all  contending with Roman ecclesiastical orthodoxy championed by Ephrem (d. 373... ... (d. 435), an archenemy of Nestorianism, and  Hiba  (d. 457) who, while teaching at the School of ... ...eologians from Greek into Syriac. After succeeding Rabbula as bp. of Edessa, Hiba  eventually anathematized both Nestorius ... ... in 1144. The Chronicle of Michael Rabo  contains a dramatic report of the massacres that a... ... over it was composed by Dionysios  Bar  Ṣalibi bp. of Amid ... ...city once and for all  in 1924, heading to Aleppo where they ...
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Edessa, School of School of the PersiansContributor: Adam H. Becker URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Edessa-School-of
...sibis.  Adam 
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Eli of Qarṭmin (ca. 13th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Robert A. Kitchen URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eli-of-Qartmin
...xenos that connect him to Qarṭmin: the miraculous encounter with the stylite Abel  when Abel’s column bent down to meet Philoxenos (vv. 99–118); and his corre...
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Elias, Ghaṭṭās (Danḥo) Maqdisī (1911–2008) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Mor Polycarpus Augin Aydin George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Elias-Ghattas-Danho-Maqdisi
... Damascus in 1932, and taught in Bāb  Tūmā for two years. In 1933 he worked for the Syrian Customs. In 1979 he em... ... netkanaš, put to music by his cousin Gabriel Asʿad  ; 3. collections of poems, letters, and other writi... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 576. Macuch, Geschichte, 465. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 122–4. ...
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Elishaʿ bar Quzbaye (early 6th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Elisha-bar-Quzbaye
Elishaʿ  bar  ... Quzbaye https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Elisha bar -Quzbaye http://syriaca.org/bibl/196 187 ... ... Barḥadbshabba ʿArbaya calls him ‘Elishaʿ ʿArbaya bar  Quzbane (sic)’ (ed. F. Nau). The Chronicle of Siirt ... ... composed on the Christian religion and which Cath.  Aqaq  translated into Persian before submitting it to th... ...iirt also ascribes to him a book on ‘the cause of the setting of the mawtbā  Arab . al-mawtib; perhaps “academic session”) in the school’, a title that links ...
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Eliya (mid-6th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eliya-mid-6th-cent
...s in three W.-Syr. mss.: Berlin Syr. 26 (Sachau 321, 8th cent.), Brit. Libr. Add  .... 14,622 (9th  cent., incomplete), and Brit. Libr. Add . 12,174 (dated 1197, written for Dayro d-Mor Barṣawmo ... ...the two Brit. Libr. mss. (with DT) and again by E. W.  Brooks in 1907, using all  three European mss. (with LT). A   fourth witness has been identified by Pa... ...ate 12th  cent.). Kleyn’s suggestion that Eliya might be identical with Eliya of Dara , whose life was written by Yuḥanon of ... ... J. R.  Ghanem, The biography of John of Tella (d.  A.D . 537) by Elias ( Ph. D. Ph.D. ...
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Eliya of Nisibis Eliya bar Shinaya (975–1046) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Herman G. B. Teule URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eliya-of-Nisibis
... http://syriaca.org/bibl/202 193 Eliya bar  Shinaya http://syriaca.org/person/472 person ... ... Metropolitan of Nisibis and author. Eliya bar  Shinaya (975–1046) [Ch. of E.] Metropolitan of ... ... Nisibis and author. Eliya d Ṣoba  or  bar  Shinaya was born in Shenna (North Iraq) and studied in the St. Michael’s mo... or  bar  Shinaya was born in Shenna (North Iraq) and studied in the St. Michael’s mo... ...ars according to different eastern calendars. The report of his discussions with Abū  al-Qāsim al-Maghribī, minister at the court of the Marwānids in Diyarbakır ... ...dwriting in the only surviving ms. of his chronicle, ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 7197, written as early as 1019. His interest in Syriac grammar — and the r... ...which became partly inserted into later liturgical compilations such as the  Abū  Ḥalīm’ or the book of Gewargis ...
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Eliya of al-Anbār (first half of the 10th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Andreas Juckel URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eliya-of-al-Anbar
Eliya of al- Anbār  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eliya-of-al Anbar  http://syriaca.org/bibl/201 192 ... ...aca.org/person/471 person Bp. of al Anbār  and composer of didactic poetry in the first half of the 10th cent. ... ... Bp. of al Anbār  and composer of didactic poetry in the first half of the ... ... shortly before the inthronisation; 3. ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha (d. 1318) in his ‘Catalogue’ of Syriac ... ... continuation of the one by Eliya, which he cites twice (286 and 287  A.H .). Only the discourses survived, a voluminous collection of didactic ... ...urvived, a voluminous collection of didactic (heptasyllabic) poetry known as Ktābā  ... d-Durrāšā ‘Book of Exercise’ or by its popular name Ktābā  d-Maʾwātā ‘Book of Centuries’. The book is divided into three parts with a ...
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Emmanuel bar Shahhare (d. 980) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Emmanuel-bar-Shahhare
Emmanuel  bar  ... Shahhare https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Emmanuel bar -Shahhare http://syriaca.org/bibl/203 194 ... ... 81 in Macomber’s list) and most likely belongs to him. The second memrā is missing in all  mss. It is only from the third memrā onwards, therefore, that Emmanuel’s ... ...16 to 28, is more theological in nature and focuses on salvation and the New Adam . Excerpts from Emmanuel’s work are quoted in the 15th-cent. Prose Commentar... ....  ten  Napel idem   ‘The textual tradition of Emmanuel bar  Shahhare’s Hexaemeron in the light of the monastic school tradition’, i... ...), 289–95. A. Sana, ‘Ḥilq al-insān li-ʿImmanuʾil bar  Šahāre’, Journal of the Iraqi Academy. Syriac Corporation 11 (1987)... ... Vossel, ‘Quelques remarques en marge du Memra sur le Baptême d’Emmanuel bar  Shahhare’, Questions liturgiques 82 (2001/2), 128–47. (with FT of m...
146
ʿEnanishoʿ ʿAnanishoʿ (7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Jeff W. Childers URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Enanisho
...ʿEnanishoʿ settled in the Monastery of Beth ʿAbe  . During his travels he became enamored with Egyptian ... ...ored with Egyptian monasticism and well acquainted with Greek texts. At Beth ʿAbe , he wrote a book on philosophical ‘definitions and divisions’, a lexical to... ... Sources P. Bedjan, Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum mart...
147
The Enaton EnnatonContributor: Andreas Juckel URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/The-Enaton
...of varying size and identifications of their own (e.g., the ‘Three Cells’ of Abba  Zenon, the Monastery of ‘the Fathers’, of ‘Salomon’, of the ‘Antonines’). T... ... Peter the Iberian at Maïuma Gaza  in Palestine were expelled and took refuge in the Enaton. Notable Miaphysit... ... Sources F.-M.  Abel , ‘To Ennaton’, OC ... ...of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the monk Romanus  SBL  Writings from the Greco-Roman World 24; 2008). (Syr. with ET) ...
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Ephrem (d. 373)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ephrem
... his madrāše. These are transmitted in collections of various sizes, and are all  edited by E. Beck: on the Church (CSCO 198–9); on the Crucifixion (CSCO 248... ...in madrāše that must be slightly later, are: on Abraham of Qidun and Yulyana Saba  (ed. Beck, CSCO 322–3); on the Confessors (ed. Beck, CSCO 363–4); on Epipha... ...neveh) and the core of 4 (On the Sinful Woman, Luke 7); and IV, 2 (perhaps). All  the rest in these volumes date from times later than Ephrem; this also appl... ...mss. (not always quite complete). This is fortunate since later mss. (almost  all  liturgical) provide only excerpts, often mixed in with later material; furt... ...s are concerned, by the 20th-century editions of Beck and others (a guide to all  these editions is given in The Harp 3 [1990], 7–29; in S. Ephrem, un poète ... ...following the misleading 6th-century Life. A popular theme in Late Byzantine art  was the Death of St. Ephrem. The dates of his liturgical commemorations vary in... .... with ET by S. P. Brock and G. A.  Kiraz 2006). Beck’s editions are all  accompanied by GT; a GT of the Commentary on the Diatessaron recent... ... Ephrem the Syrian (2006). E. G.  Mathews and J. P. Amar , St Ephrem the Syrian. Selected Prose Works (1994). ...
149
...ial inferior and an unlettered country-bumpkin whose fondest desire is to be able  to speak Greek. It is during Ephrem’s fictitious visit to Basil that his pu... ...Daughters of the Covenant’. The several ms. traditions of the Life of Ephrem are all  based on three Syriac recensions which, in order of length ... .... Vat. Syr. 117; ms. Paris, Bibl. Nat. Syr. 235; and ms. London, Brit. Libr. Add . 9384. ... ... Primary Sources J. P.  Amar , A Metrical Homily on Holy Mar Ephrem by Mar Jacob of Serugh (P... ... ET) J. P.  Amar  idem , The Syriac Vita Tradition of Ephrem the ... ... Secondary Sources J. P.  Amar , ‘Byzantine ascetic monachism and Greek bias in the vita tradition ... ...92), 123–56. J. P.  Amar  idem , ‘An unpublished Karshuni Arabic Life of E... ... Joseph P.  Amar 
150
...ie Anakephalaiosis zum Panarion des Epiphanius in der Hs. Brit. Mus. Add . 12156’, LM 96 ...
151
...ptic, Armenian, Syriac Orthodox, and Malankara Syriac Orthodox Churches, all  of which accept the Councils of Nicea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, but rej... ...e in the late 5th to early 6th cent. These missionaries include the Ṣādeqān, Maṭāʿ , and especially the so-called Nine Saints (see A. Brita, in ... ...sionaries with Syriac-speaking areas was based on three principal arguments, all  of which have been seriously challenged in more recent scholarship. ... ...cently, however, Marrassini (1990, 35–8; 1999, 326–8) has shown that few, if any , of these names are actually of Syriac origin. Second, ... ... the Aksumite period involves Syriac loanwords in Geʿez. More than a century ago , Th. Nöldeke drew attention to a number of Aramaic loanwords in Geʿez. Guid... ... certainly not Syriac, but others of which may potentially be Syriac. Before any  ... meaningful historical conclusions can be drawn, an updated analysis of all  the Aramaic loanwords in Geʿez is needed, taking into account recent develo... ... meaningful historical conclusions can be drawn, an updated analysis of all  the Aramaic loanwords in Geʿez is needed, taking into account recent develo...
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Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260 – ca. 340)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eusebius-of-Caesarea
...t the end of Book I it contains the earliest reference to the letter of king Abgar  of Edessa to Jesus and ... ... (6th cent.?), but according to Michael Rabo  , by Yaʿqub of Edessa ... ... Eliya of Nisibis , and Michael Rabo ); for these, see P. Keseling, ‘Die Chronik des E. in der syr. Überlieferung... ... Chronicle of Eusebius, its type and continuation in Syriac historiography’, ARAM  11/12 (1999/2000), 419–37. 5. ‘Onomasticon’ ( ... ...anity’, in Eusebius, Christianity and Judaism, ed. H. W. Attridge and G. Hata  (1992), 212–34. L.  Van Rompay, ‘Some preliminary remarks on the origins of...
153
Eutyches (ca. 378 – ca. 454)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Eutyches
...gsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Kl., Abt . 5; 1929). A.  Van Roey, ‘Eutyches’, in DH...
154
Evagrius (345–399)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Evagrius-of-Pontus
...ed and often quoted by Syriac monastic authors;  Babai  the Great wrote an extensive Commentary on the... ...heretical reader. Another Commentary on this work was made by Dionysios bar  Ṣalibi (ed. Çiçek). ... ... 2430–2482. G.  Bunge, Evagrios Pontikos. Briefe aus  der Wüste (1986). (GT of Letters) J...
155
...o the E.-Syr. tradition of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Narsai, Theodoros bar  Koni (8th cent.), a teacher at the school in Kashk... ... (McCullough, 19–21). Much of the works of Mushe bar  Kipho (d. 903), who commented on the entire Bi... ...d influence later Syriac authors. Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi (d. 1171), who knew Mushe  bar  Kipho’s works, wrote commentaries on the entire NT. His aim was to summariz... ... of Merv (McCullough, 83). Finally, in 1277 the polymath  Bar  ʿEbroyo (d. 1286) completed his ‘Storehouse of... ....-Syr. writer Ishoʿdad of Merv, though he was largely dependent on Dionysios bar  Ṣalibi. Conclusion The Bible has held a central place in Sy... ... Livingstone (1989), 169–75. S. H.  Griffith, ‘Theodore bar  Koni’s Scholion: a Nestorian Summa contra gentiles from the first Abbas...
156
... ’s Diatessaron (written in the 170s; Joosten). Neither these works, nor any  of the other texts written before the 4th cent. that have come down to us, ... ...ies on other books of the OT as well, as the monk Severos and ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha claim, but this can no longer be ascert... ...self would call most of his exegesis in these commentaries ‘factual’, he did aim  at a refutation of Manichean and Marcionite interpretations. He seems less ... ...ons ( e.g. e.g., on Adam  and Eve) has led some scholars to assume an early date for this composition... ...f which interpret the OT. Yet Yaʿqub and Narsai had more in common. First of all , they shared a common Edessene tradition. In addition, it seems that the mi... ...e authors just mentioned is the so-called London Collection (ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 12,168), which was composed probably in the second quarter of the 7th  cen... ... , Gregory of Nyssa, and John Chrysostom; Ephrem and John bar  Aphtonia are the only Syriac authors mentioned. The ... ...ussed presently. Theodoros bar 
157
...graphies, with an Arabic titleArabic title: Arīj al-rayḥān fī tarājim al aʿyān  wa-siyar mašāhīr al-suryān lil-afidyāqon George bin Anton āl Kiraz. mor... ... Jawlati (Beirut, 1967). and Saka’s al-Suryān. I. Saka , al-Suryān īmān wa-ḥaḍāra, ... ...till, no articles were actually written. Later, the index cards would be used to add  entries to GEDSH, especially for the first letter of the alphabet. A future enc... ... prototype system that permitted the tagging of texts with hyperlinks. One was  able  to import such tagged texts into a database, from which one could generate elec... ...ll member. Together, the four-member committee read and edited the entire draft. All  seventy-six authors were given a last chance to make changes or additions to th...
158
... 1. Joseph P.  Amar  is Director of Syriac and Arabic Studies ... ... Theological Seminary. 3.  Adam  H. Becker is Associate Professor ... ... is Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of History in Art , and Associate Fellow in the Centre for the Study of Religion and Society, Univ... ...ity of America in Washington, DC. 27.  Bas  ter Haar Romeny is Professor of O... ... is Director of the Paul van Moorsel Centre for Christian Art  and Culture in the Middle East at Leiden University, The Netherlands. ... ...re for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. 61.  Bas  Snelders is a research fellow at ... ... is a research fellow at the Paul van Moorsel Center for Christian Art  and Culture in the Middle East, of Leiden University, The Netherlands. He is co... ... University, The Netherlands. He is co-editor of the periodical Eastern Christian Art . 62. Jan-Eric ...
159
...  AB  Analecta ... ...  ABD  Anchor Bi... ...  AHC  Annuarium... ...  BBK  Biographi... ... CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.  all  references are to the overall number, not the Script. Syr. or Subsi... ...  ECA  Eastern C... ... Eastern Christian Art  in its Late Antique and Islamic Contexts. ... ...  JBL  Journal o...
160
... 1–2 (3 vols.; 1872–1877).  Abūna ,  Adab  =  Ab  Albīr  Abūna  Albīr  Abūna  Albīr  Abūna ,  Adab  al-lugha al-ārāmiyya (1970). Assemani, BibOr = J. S. Assem... ... vols.; 1996). Kiraz (ed.), Malphono w Rabo 
161
Furlani, Giuseppe (1885–1962)Contributor: Riccardo Contini URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Furlani-Giuseppe
... commentary to the Organon by Giwargi bp. of the Arab  tribes [1922–43]); the Greek background of phi... ... Yaʿqub of Edessa , Giwargi bp. of the Arab  tribes, Theodoros  bar  ... Koni , Yaʿqub bar  ... Shakko ,  Bar  ʿEbroyo (to whose psychology he devoted a series o...
162
Fāʾiq, Naʿʿūm Naoum Elias Palak ( ( ca. 1868–1930) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Faiq-Naum
... Syriac, Garshuni Arabic, and mostly Garshuni Turkish. He immigrated to the  USA  in 1912 where he lived in NJ. There, he established the newspaper Beth Nahrin (1916–21), and later ... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 546–9. Barsoum, Scattered pearls, 523. M. F. Juqqī... ...s, 1937). Macuch, Geschichte, 432–3. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 39–43. ...
163
Gabriel Qaṭraya (6th/7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-Qatraya
...least much of the work is attributed to Abraham bar  Lipeh (ed. R. H.  Connolly, in CSCO 71, 76; 19... ... Secondary Sources S. P.  Brock, ‘Syriac writers from Beth Qatraye’, ARAM  11/12 (1999/2000), 85–92, esp. 89–92. ...
164
Gabriel bar Bokhtishoʿ Jibrāʾīl, Jibrīl (d. 827/8) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Aaron M. Butts URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-bar-Bokhtisho
Gabriel  bar  ... Bokhtishoʿ https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel bar -Bokhtisho http://syriaca.org/bibl/224 215 ... ... b. Isḥāq (d. 873) (see G. Bergsträsser, Ḥunain Ibn  Isḥāq. Über die syrischen und arabischen Galen-Übersetzungen ... ... Gabriel is cited a number of times in the Lexicon of Ḥasan bar  Bahlul (see R. Duval, Lexicon Syriacum auctore... ... (see R. Duval, Lexicon Syriacum auctore Hassano bar  Bahlule [3 vols.; 1888–1901, repr. 1970], xvi-xvii). He is also mentioned i... ... (Assemani, BibOr, vol. 3, 257–8) where he is grouped together with Ḥasan bar  Bahlul, Ishoʿ  bar   ʿAli  , and a certain ‘Maruzaya’ (probably either ...
165
Gabriel of Baṣra (fl. late 9th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Hubert Kaufhold URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-of-Basra
...Timotheos I , Ishoʿ bar  ... Nun , ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Bahrīz , and from the so-called Syro-Roman Law ... ... reconstructed with the help of the Syriac Nomocanon of ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha (d. 1318) and of the second part of the... ...the Arabic collection Fiqh al-Naṣrāniyya by  Ibn  al-Ṭayyib (1st half of 11th cent.), two works that... ...tions for an association of artisans from the late Sasanian or early Arab  period’, in Transformations of Late Antiquity. Essays for Peter ...
166
Gabriel, Fawlos (1912–1971) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Mor Polycarpus Augin Aydin George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-Fawlos
...in Kharput, he joined the Taw Mim Simkath orphanage in Adana at an early age . After World War I, he lived in Beirut ... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab  ..., 573. Macuch, Geschichte, 455. Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍwāʾ , 67–70. ...
167
Gabriel, Monastery of Mor Monastery of QarṭminContributor: Andrew N. Palmer URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gabriel-Monastery-of-Mor
... his nephews, Emmanuel and Niho, monks of Qarṭmin, is extant in Berlin.  Bar  ʿEbroyo speaks of a total of seventy such volumes ...
168
Galen (d. ca. 199)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Galen
... short biographical note concerning him is given by  Bar  ʿEbroyo (Chronicon Syriacum, ed. Bedjan, ... ... Secondary Sources G.  Bergsträsser, Hunain ibn  Ishaq. Über die syrischen und arabischen ...
169
Gannat Bussāme (between the 10th and beginning of the 13th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Gerrit J. Reinink URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gannat-Bussame
... Firstly, the exegetical prose homilies written by  Aba  II of Kashkar (7th–8th cent.), of which many f... ... in the Gannat Bussāme, containing the exegesis of passages from Gen., Num., Isa ., and the four Gospels. Secondly, the commentaries of Ṣliba Zkha ... ... the commentaries of Ṣliba Zkha Ṣharbokht  bar  Msargis , an author who is not known in the Syriac tradition ...
170
... slave woman who converted King Mirian III in the 330s (related, but without any  names, also in Michael  Rabo  , Chronicle VII.3). By the 5th cent. Christianity w... ... Christianity, some direct, others indirect. 1. The indirect influence  via  Armenian) of early Syriac versions and/or the Diatessaron on some early... ...esence of both Syriac and Georgian monks at various monasteries, notably Mar Saba , is attested especially for the 9th–10th cent. ... .... Especially in the late 10th cent. there were close connections between Mar Saba  Monastery and St. Catherine’s Monastery. The Georgian monk Iovane Zosime (a... ...ne Zosime (active between 949 and 987; Tarchnishvili, 109–14) moved from Mar Saba  to St. Catherine’s some time before 973. For some of his manuscripts this f... ...ne Zosime (active between 949 and 987; Tarchnishvili, 109–14) moved from Mar Saba  to St. Catherine’s some time before 973. For some of his manuscripts this f... ...ne Zosime (active between 949 and 987; Tarchnishvili, 109–14) moved from Mar Saba  to St. Catherine’s some time before 973. For some of his manuscripts this f...
171
Gewargis I (d. 680/1) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gewargis-I
... and was a monk in Beth ʿAbe  . He came into contact with the future ... ...], a term which may perhaps include Muslims, as well as against polygamy); a ban  on drinking wine with Jews in Jewish taverns, especially after the Christia... ...Enanishoʿ , a fellow monk from the Monastery of Beth ʿAbe , to compile the ‘Paradise of the Fathers’, which became an authoritative co...
172
Gewargis Warda (13th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Alessandro Mengozzi URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gewargis-Warda
... , mentioned in the same ms. Like Khamis bar  Qardaḥe (also connected with Arbela), Gewargis... ...included in the ‘Paradise of Eden’ by ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Brikha . Attempts to place Gewargis in the firs...
173
Gewargis of Arbela, Pseudo- (9th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gewargis-of-Arbela-Pseudo-
...ela’ (another wrong attribution is to ʿAbdishoʿ bar  Bahrīz ). The chapters in each section provide ... ...includes the short ‘Commentary on the (liturgical) Services’ by Abraham bar  Lipeh of Beth Qaṭraye ...
174
Giwargi, bp. of the  Arab  ... tribes https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Giwargi-bp-of-the Arab -tribes http://syriaca.org/bibl/237 228 ... ... Sargis Zakunoyo to ordain Giwargi bishop of the Arab  tribes, which he did in Nov. 686. As a protegé of Athanasios II and a frien... ...cs’ (ed. G. Furlani); this is preserved in the 8th/9th-cent. ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 14,659, together with introductions and glosses. A number of verse texts a... ...  Miller, ‘George, bishop of the Arabs, on the true philosophy’,  ARAM  5 (1993), 303–20. J.  Tannous, ‘Between christology and kalam? The Life... ...christology and kalam? The Life and Letters of George, bishop of the  Arab  tribes’, in Malphono w- Rabo  d-Malphone, ed. G. A. Kiraz, 671–716. (with further ...
175
Giwargis II, Ignatius (1648–1708) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Giwargis-II-Ignatius
...ng various parts of his life. Born in Mosul to ʿAbd  al-Karīm, his family produced three patr. (him, his nephew ... ...serve in Malankara, Giwargis was installed maph. in his place in 1684. On 22 Apr . 1687, he was elevated to the patriarchate. Following disputes with the newly e...
176
Giwargis of Bʿeltan (Patr. 758–789) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Witold Witakowski URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Giwargis-of-Beltan
...cording to a non-Syriac source [see Evetts, 413]), but apparently at a young age  he turned Syr. Orth. He was educated in Syriac and Greek learning in the ... ... the synod at Serugh in 764/5 the Mesopotamian bishops accepted Dawid bp. of Dara  as the successor to the deceased anti-patriarch. Dawid ... ...eceased anti-patriarch. Dawid accused Giwargis of tax irregularities, and Caliph Abū  Jaʿfar ʿAbdullāh al-Manṣūr (754–75) put him in prison for nine years (767–7... ... authorities. On 22 May 785 he presided over the synod in Kfar Nabu  in the region of Serugh at which 22 canons, mostly of a disciplinary nature... ... (quoted by Michael Rabo  , Chronicle, vol. 3, 5–8) on the formula ‘We break ... ... A.  Harrak, The Chronicle of Zuqnīn, Parts III and IV, A.D . 488–775 (Medieval Sources in Translation 36; 1999). ...
177
...own only in Syriac, probably dates from the early 8th cent. (probably before ʿAbd  al-Malik’s death in 705), and is not preserved quite complete. It misleadin... ... ( i.e. i.e.,  Arab  rule), and a succession of twelve 12 ...
178
Graffin, François (1905–2002)Contributor: Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Graffin-Francois
... he should be allowed to prepare himself for this task. Graffin then studied all  the Eastern Christian languages, but Syriac was to be his main field of ... ... Institute in Rome, was entrusted with the directorship. Graffin himself was  able  to complete two major multi-volume editions initiated by M. Brière: ... ...milies 1–57 (PO 35.3; 36.1, 3, and 4; 37.1; and 38.2; between 1969 and 1977, all  under the names of Brière and Graffin); and Ph... ...n and translation of Memre 3–10 (PO 38.3; 39.4; 40.2; between 1977 and 1980, all  under the names of Brière and Graffin) as well as an additional volume with... ...nd Graffin). He published one of the ‘Bases’ of  Bar  ʿEbroyo ’s ‘Lamp of the Sanctuary’, dealing with th...
179
...and (in the early 8th cent.) Giwargi bp. of the Arab  tribes . The program of translating Greek philosophical... ... in subsequent Syriac encyclopedic literature (notably  Bar  ʿEbroyo ) and in Arabic sources. Several of Pat...
180
Gregory Thaumaturgus the ‘Wonderworker’ (3rd cent.)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gregory-Thaumaturgus
... CPG 1763–1794. P.  Bedjan, Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum, vol. VI (1890–97), 83–106. (Syr. of ... ...bensgeschichte des Gregorius Thaumaturgus’, Theologische Zeitschrift aus  der Schweiz 11 (1894), 228–54. (GT of Life ed. ... ... I. Ramelli, ‘Gregorio il Taumaturgo nelle versioni siriache della  sua  biografia: alcune note’, in ‘Il gusto che fiorisce come palma’.... ...’, in ‘Il gusto che fiorisce come palma’. Gregorio il Taumaturgo fra  storia e agiografia, ed. B. Clausi and V.  Milazzo (Studia ...
181
Gregory of Nazianzus (330–390)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gregory-of-Nazianzus
... CPG 3032). According to  Bar  ʿEbroyo (‘Book of Directions’, VII.9) 31 Letters circulated ... ... the 8th/9th cent. (ms. London, Brit. Libr.  Add . 17,209 and 14,544), representing two different translations (unpublished).... ... Dionysios , done in 802, according to Bar  ʿEbroyo, Ecclesiastical History, vol. I, col. 363; and a certain Gabriel, m... ... CPG 3010–3125. C. Crimi,  Fra  tradizione diretta et tradizione indiretta: Note  alla  versione siriaca dei «Carmi» di Gregorio Nazianzeno’, in La diffusione ... tradizione diretta et tradizione indiretta: Note  alla  versione siriaca dei «Carmi» di Gregorio Nazianzeno’, in La diffusione ...
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Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 330 – ca. 395)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gregory-of-Nyssa
...sbroeck, ‘Versions syriaques du panégyrique de Grégoire le Thaumaturge’, ARAM  5 (1993), 537–53. A.  Meredith, Gregory of Nyssa (1999). ... ...r idem , ‘Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa’s Homily on Poverty’, ARAM  5 (1993), 401–26. F.  Pericoli Ridolfini, ‘Dedica e sommario del De Opifici...
183
Grigor I (d. ca. 610) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Grigor-I
... Khusrau II). During this nearly twenty-year long interregnum,  Babai  ... the Great and Aba , Archdeacon of Seleucia, were in charge of the administration of the Ch. of...
184
Grigorios Yawseph Gregory Joseph IV the Iberian (d. 1537) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Grigorios-Yawseph
... contemporary patriarchs and bishops; 3. An introduction to  Bar  ʿEbroyo ’s Ḥewat ḥekmto ‘Cream of Wisdom’; 4. A few...
185
Guidi, Ignazio (1844–1935)Contributor: Riccardo Contini URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Guidi-Ignazio
...loxenos of Mabbug ’s letter to the monks of Tell ʿAda  (1886); of the Statutes of the School of Nisibi... ... P. Bedjan ’s seven-volume Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum. Only the first two substantial items of this selecti...
186
Guillaumont, Antoine (1915–2000)Contributor: Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Guillaumont-Antoine
...cularly to the Sahidic fragments of the Coptic version of the ‘Asceticon’ of Abba  Isaiah ( Isaiah of Scetis ... ...yr. Christianity, including such authors as  Babai  the Great in the E.-Syr. and Sṭephanos ... ... in the E.-Syr. and Sṭephanos  bar  Ṣudayli in the W.-Syr. tradition. His last and posthumous ... ...e ascetics lived. Using the texts and gleaning information from them, he was able  to identify the site of Kellia, a center of eremitic life situated between ... ...ts, this archeological experience also formed the background for his volumes Aux  origines du monachisme chrétien (1979) and Études sur la spiritualité de l’Orient Chrétien ... ... 311–25.  Aux  origines du monachisme chrétien. Pour une phénoménologie du mon... ... http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN all /ins_dis/antoine_guillaumont.htm http://www.college-de-france.fr...
187
Habbi, Yusuf (1938–2000) [Chald.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Habbi-Yusuf
... among his many publications was the edition of  Bar  Bahlul ’s newly discovered ‘Book of Signs’ (1987). ...
188
HagiographyContributor: Susan Ashbrook Harvey URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Hagiography
... Sources P. Bedjan, Acta  Martyrum et Sanctorum (7 vols.; 1890–97). S... ... , Stewards of the poor: The Man of God, Rabbula, and Hiba  in fifth-century Edessa (2006). Fiey, Saints syriaques (2004). ...
189
Harris, James Rendel (1852–1941)Contributor: Naomi Koltun-Fromm URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Harris-James-Rendel
...tions in Biblical Languages and Ecclesiastical History at Haverford College  USA ), New Testament at Johns Hopkins ( USA ), and as curator of mss. at the John Rylands Library in Manchester (UK). Be... ), New Testament at Johns Hopkins ( USA ), and as curator of mss. at the John Rylands Library in Manchester (UK). Be... ...erved as director of the Woodbrooke Institute, Birmingham (UK), where he was able  to combine his love for ancient textual studies and Quaker spirituality. ... ...f Christianity to descend both from Second Temple and post-70 CE Judaism(s), all  the while pursuing the ways and means that these early Christian writers th... ...d Latin as well as Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, and Persian, led him on travels all  over the Middle East including extensive stays in the libraries of the ... ... Commentaries of Ishoʿdad of Merv, Bishop of Ḥadatha (c. 850  A.D .) in Syriac and English (5 vols.; Horae Semiticae 5–7 and 10–11; 19...
190
... the Egyptian Wadi al-Natrun in search of Syriac and Coptic mss., but he was  able  to obtain only a few Coptic folios from St. Macarius Monastery. After his r... ...elk., and Christian Palestinian Aramaic. For the period up to the year 1000, all  known dated mss. (more than 100) were included; for the period from the 11t... ...iptions, the Album’s introductory chapters, which summarize the state of the art  in various subfields of the study of Syriac mss., have created a foundation... ...y of Syriac mss., have created a foundation and a framework of reference for all  subsequent scholarly work in Syriac paleography and ms. studies. ...
191
Hiba Ibas (d. 457)Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Hiba
 Hiba  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Hiba  http://syriaca.org/bibl/267 258 ... ... http://syriaca.org/bibl/267 258  Ibas  http://syriaca.org/person/534 person ... ...nvolved in christological debates of the time.  Ibas  (d. 457) Bp. of ... ... Bp. of Edessa . Hiba  must have been active in the School of Edessa from the second or third ... ... 428). Around the time of the Nestorian controversy (428–31), Hiba  parted ways with ... ... , the main authority for the Syr. Miaphysites, while  Hiba  represented the Antiochene dyophysite tradition. In 433  Hiba  wrote a famous letter to a certain Mari, ‘the Persian’, in which he bitterl...
192
Hippolytus of Rome (late 2nd/early 3rd cent.)Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Hippolytus-of-Rome
...he end of Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi ’s Commentary on Daniel. Dionysios’s Commentary on the ... ...n of the earth between the descendants of Noah in Syriac tradition’, ARAM  5 (1993), 635–56, esp. 649–53. ...
193
...poch (such as the chronologically first note: ‘The year 180 [of the Seleucid era   = 132/1 BC]: kings began to reign in Edessa.’) and Christian epoch was inc... ...ide, as for instance one very mutilated folio that brings information on the Arab  conquest of Syria in the beginning of the 7th cent., or a fragment of a ... ...raphical, and linguistic information on the then known world, in addition to data  on the early history of mankind, culled from the Bible. The Chronicle of Hi... ...languages including those that have written literature), and historical were all  expressed within the account of the vicissitudes of the three sons of Noah ... ... chronicles (the Chronicle to the year 724, the Chronicle of Michael Rabo  ... , and that of  Bar  ʾEbroyo ... ...as biblical commentaries (Scholion of Theodoros Bar  Koni , the Commentary of ... ... of Merv , and two other anonymous commentaries, all  from the period of the 8th to 10th cent.), and accounts of sacred history (...
194
...apaṭ , a former monk of the Monastery of Rabban  Bar  ʿEdta . Whereas a few 12th-cent. mss. indicate its ... ... Among the earliest authors of that period is the monk Sargis bar  Waḥle (ca. 1500), who wrote a Memronā (a ... ...lies from nearby Alqosh took the lead in ms. production. Among these was the Abuna  family, who also provided the patriarchs for one of the patriarchal lines o... ... the Ch. of E. disagreed with the choice of a new potential successor (naṭar kursi) from the Abuna  family. Despite Sullaqa’s relative success in acquiring papal consecration ... .... After the monastery was practically deserted in the late 18th cent., a new era  started when the Chaldean monk Gabriel Dambo (alternatively written as Danb... ... , The histories of Rabban Hôrmîzd the Persian and Rabban Bar -ʿIdtâ (2 vols; 1902, repr. 1976), vol. I, 1–109 (Shemʿon’s text; Syr.);...
195
Ibn al-Ṭayyib (d. 1043) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Aaron M. Butts URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ibn-al-Tayyib
 Ibn  ... al-Ṭayyib https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org Ibn -al-Tayyib http://syriaca.org/bibl/276 267 ... ...heologian, exegete, physician, translator, and philosopher. His full name is Abū  al-Faraj  ʿAbd  Allāh  Ibn  Allāh  ʿAbd  Allāh  Ibn  Allāh  ʿAbd 
196
Ignatius Yaʿqub III (1912–1980) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ignatius-Yaqub-III
...f Tuma Gabriel Mari and Shmuni Isḥaq Mtuka, and was given the baptismal name Shābā ʿAbd  al- Aḥad  al- ʿAbd  al- Aḥad ). He attended the seminary at Dayro d-Mor ... ...e Mimre mgabayo (Aleppo, 1959). His other works,  all  in Arabic, include a history of the church (2 vols.; 1953 and 1957), a hist... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 570–2. Macuch, Geschichte, 453–5. Munūfar Barṣūm, ...
197
... subject Inscriptions in a broad sense include texts written on any  substrate other than ms. (which itself may be of parchment, papyrus, or ... ... Inscriptions in a broad sense include texts written on any  substrate other than ms. (which itself may be of parchment, papyrus, ... ... inscriptions. The earliest Christian inscriptions from the Syriac-speaking  area  are in Greek, for example the Greek inscription in the baptistery of ... ... fan in bronze carries a beautiful inscription dated 1202/3. Central and East Asia  Along the Silk Road Syriac inscriptions are an important testimony to the ... ...important testimony to the mission work of the Ch. of E. in Central and East Asia . Many Syriac graffiti have come to light in Urgut, Uzbekistan, and numerous... ...ionally found, the most common dating system throughout the centuries is the era  of the Seleucids (known as ‘of Alexander’, ‘of the Macedonians’, or ‘of the... ...or the later period many local eras are used as well as the common Christian era . Finally, it should be noted that inscriptions have contributed to our unde... .... L.  Ball, ‘A sixteenth-century Batrashil in the Metropolitan Museum of Art ’, Hugoye 9.1 (2006). ...
198
Isaiah of Scetis Abba IsaiahContributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Isaiah-of-Scetis
... http://syriaca.org/bibl/281 272  Abba  Isaiah http://syriaca.org/person/548 person ... ... CPG 5555).  Abba  Isaiah Greek monastic writer of uncertain identity; author of ... ...ossible Isaiah’s are known, Isaiah of Scetis (early 5th cent.) and Isaiah of Gaza  (d. 491). The suggestion (by G. Krüger, in Die sogenannte Kirchengeschichte... ...h of Scetis, while the later form represents the editorial work of Isaiah of Gaza , a friend of Peter the Iberian ... ... CPG 5555–5556. P.  Bettiolo, Abba  Isaia, Mar Efrem. Testi siriaci sulla preghiera (1993). (IT of ... ... 26 (1995), 115–7, 120–4. D. Chitty,  Abba  Isaiah’, JTS ns 22 ... ...versie cristologiche (1980), 286–95. L.  Regnault, ‘Isaïe de Scété ou de Gaza ’, DSpir , vol. 7 (1971), 2083–...
199
Ishoʿ bar Nun (d. 828) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Isho-bar-Nun
Ishoʿ  bar  ... Nun https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Isho bar -Nun http://syriaca.org/bibl/289 280 ... ... Cath. (823–28), author of commentaries on the entire Bible. Ishoʿ bar  Nun was born in the village of Beth Gabbare on the Tigris, near ... ... , around 745. He studied with Abraham bar  Dashandad and, possibly after a short period o... ...braham of Kashkar ), where he also taught. Ishoʿ bar  Nun later moved to Baghdad ... ...ny different sources provide at times conflicting information. In 823, Ishoʿ bar  Nun was elected ... ... whom he is said to have had a difficult relationship. He died in 828. Ishoʿ bar  Nun should in  all  likelihood be distinguished from his namesake and contemporary who was bp. ...
200
Ishoʿ of Merv Ishoʿ Maruzaya, ʿĪsā al-Marwazī (9th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Aaron M. Butts URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Isho-of-Merv
...lished from the preface to the Lexicon of Ishoʿ bar   ʿAli  ... (second half of the 9th cent.). According to Bar  ʿAli’s patron, Abraham, the Lexicon of Ishoʿ of Merv was ‘composed irregula... ... b. Isḥāq (d. 873). Despite this somewhat negative evaluation, Bar   ʿAli  made use of the Lexicon of Ishoʿ of Merv, along with that of Ḥunayn, when c... ... Merv, who is often cited in the Lexicon of Ḥasan Bar  ... Bahlul (mid-10th cent.). Bar  Bahlul, however, never explicitly identifies Zekarya of Merv with Ishoʿ of ... ...identifies Zekarya of Merv with Ishoʿ of Merv. In addition, in one instance,  Bar  Bahlul cites Ishoʿ of Merv by name (Duval, 835.14). Thus, without further e...
201
Ishoʿdad of Merv (fl. ca. 850) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishodad-of-Merv
... W.-Syr. authors, such as Dionysios  bar  Ṣalibi . Both the theological concepts and the exegetic... ... Narsai , Cath. Mar  Aba  , and Ḥenana ... ...son, The commentaries of Ishoʿdad of Merv, bishop of Hadatha (c. 850 A.D .) in Syriac and English (5 vols.; 1911–1916; repr. 2005). ...
202
Ishoʿdnaḥ (9th cent.) [Ch. of E]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishodnah
...r Yawnan, founder of a famous monastery near al Anbār  . Several further works by him, including an Eccles... ... P.  Cheikho, al-Duyūra fī mamlakatay al-furs wal ʿarab  (1939). (AT) Secondar...
203
Ishoʿyahb II of Gdala (d. ca. 646) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoyahb-II-of-Gdala
... nature ...’, which is also attributed in some mss. to  Babai  the Great . The Chronicle of ... ...l Ishoʿyahb II de Gdala (1983). (the introduction sets out and discusses all  the sources for his life and writings) ...
204
Ishoʿyahb III of Adiabene (d. 659) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoyahb-III-of-Adiabene
...59), author, and liturgical reformer. He was born in Kuplana (on the Greater Zab , in Adiabene ), the son ... ...downer named Bastomag. He became a monk of the nearby Monastery of Beth ʿAbe  , but was appointed bp. of Nineveh ... ... Consecration of a new church; this attribution is also found in the mss. of all  these, but the emergence of these liturgical books is likely to have been m... ...he life of the Ch. of E. during the period of the transition from Persian to Arab  rule. (The edition by P. Scott-Moncrieff [1904] of Ishoʿyahb’s letters writ... ...imary Sources J.-B.  Chabot, ‘Histoire de Jésus-Sabran, écrite par Jésus yab  d’Adiabène’, Nouvelles archives des missions ...
205
Ishoʿyahb bar Malkon Īshūʿyāb, Yashūʿyāb b. Malkūn (late 12th – early 13th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoyahb-bar-Malkon
Ishoʿyahb  bar  ... Malkon https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoyahb bar -Malkon http://syriaca.org/bibl/300 291 ... ... Eliya of Nisibis and Yoḥannan bar  ... Zoʿbi (e.g., ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 25,876: Wright, Catalogue, vol. 3, 1175a–1179a). A further grammatical wor... ...her grammatical work on Syriac, ‘Elucidation in Syriac grammar’ (Manhrānuthā ba -grammaṭiqi suryāytā) is in two columns, Syr. and Arabic (e.g., ms. Paris, 3... ... orientale, 105–7. H.  Teule, ‘A theological treatise by Išoʿyahb bar  Malkon preserved in the theological compendium Asfār al-Asrār’, ... ... H.  Teule idem , ‘Išoʿyahb bar  Malkon’s treatise on the veneration of the holy icons’, in Christians a...
206
...Arabic (Luxenberg). Other scholars had already made use of other comparative data  (Wansbrough) to propose a later, early 8th-cent., Syrian origin for ... ...tween the Romans and the Arabs of Muḥammad in Palestine twelve miles east of Gaza ’ in the year 634 (Hoyland, 120). The chroniclers continued to record the in... ...pendent records of events that are only sparsely reported or not reported at all  in Islamic, Arabic sources of the time (Borrut). The great medieval, Syriac... ...pendent records of events that are only sparsely reported or not reported at all  in Islamic, Arabic sources of the time (Borrut). The great medieval, Syriac... ... medieval, Syriac chronicles, such as the Chronicle of Michael Rabo  (d. 1199) and the anonymous Chronicle of 1234,... ...nicler from the late 8th cent. says of the Syriac-speaking Christians in his era , in the region of Ṭur ʿAbdin ... ...ten or twenty or thirty or a hundred or two hundred or three hundred without any  sort of compulsion . . . . … ... ...been in the apocalyptic genre. The most notable of these is the ‘Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius’, in all  likelihood composed originally in Syriac by a Syr. Orth. writer in ca. 691 ...
207
Isḥaq (ca. fl. 399/400–410/11) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Lucas Van Rompay URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishaq
...ved at the end of the 4th cent. In this new political environment, Isḥaq was able  to lay the foundation for the organization of the Christian communities, wi... ...ong with the see of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (whose incumbent is given primacy ‘in all  the regions of the East’, canon  12), the following five cities have metrop... ...out the celebration of Christian feasts (canon 13). Some canons specifically aim  at creating uniformity between East and West ( ...
208
Isḥaq Shbadnaya (fl. 1439/40) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Thomas A. Carlson URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishaq-Shbadnaya
... Merv , and Yoḥannan bar  Zoʿbi . Some of these quotations are extensive.... ... Sources  Abūna ,  Adab , 463–4. Baumstark, Literatur, 330. G.  Cardahi, Lib...
209
Isḥaq of Antioch (fl. 5th cent.)Contributor: Edward G. Mathews, Jr. URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishaq-of-Antioch
...tter from Yaʿqub of Edessa to Yuḥanon of Litarba (Letter 14; ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 12,172, f. 123r-v), Isḥaq was a well-known priest in Edessa who flourished... ... Yuḥanon of Litarba (Letter 14; ms. Brit. Libr. Add . 12,172, f. 123r–v), Isḥaq was a well-known priest in ... ...lourished in the 450s. The Chronicle of Michael Rabo  (II.viii.9) and the dependent Ecclesiastical Chron... ...) and the dependent Ecclesiastical Chronicle of  Bar  ʿEbroyo (I.165) both seem to have conflated this I... ...pletely edited. Approximately two hundred works have been identified, nearly all  of which are memre written in the seven syllable meter. Many are on ascetic... ...d for the data they reveal on contemporary practices of local pagan worship. All  the works in this corpus cannot have come from the same hand. Although thei...
210
Isḥaq of Nineveh (late 7th cent.) [Ch. of E.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishaq-of-Nineveh
... much of it was translated into Greek at the Chalcedonian Monastery of Mar  Saba  (St. Sabbas), near Jerusalem , in the ... ... 224–225; 1995). (Syr. with ET) I. I.  Ica , Jr. Isaac Sirul. Cuvinte catre singuratici. Partea II rece... ... Syrian (2000). S. P.  Brock, ‘From Qatar to Tokyo, by way of Mar Saba  ...: the translations of Isaac of Beth Qatraye’, ARAM  11/12 (1999/2000), 275–84. ... ... S. P.  Brock idem , ‘Syriac into Greek at Mar Saba : the translation of St Isaac the Syrian’, in The Sabaite Heritage o... ... in The Sabaite Heritage of the Orthodox Church, ed. J. Patrich  OLA  98; 2001), 201–8. ... ... (forthcoming). S.  Chialà, Dall’ascesi eremitica alla  ... misericordia infinita. Ricerche su Isacco di Ninive e la sua  fortuna (2002). P.  Hagman, Underst...
211
Isḥoq ʿAzar (1647–1724) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq-Azar
Isḥoq  ʿAzar  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq Azar  http://syriaca.org/bibl/294 285 ...
212
Isḥoq Ṣaliba (d. 1730) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq-Saliba
...http://syriaca.org/person/558 person Last bp. of Dayro d-Mor Abay . (d. 1730) [Syr. Orth.] ... ... (d. 1730) [Syr. Orth.] Last bp. of Dayro d-Mor Abay . Little is known about his early life. He may have been from Qilleth and ma... ...or Matay . He was consecrated bp. of Dayro d-Mor Abay  with the unusual Syriac, rather than Greek, honorific title Isḥoq. He may h... ...arch Shemʿun of Maʿdan ca. 1699. After his death in 1730, the diocese of Mor Abay , which then included Ṣawro, Qilleth, and its villages, Bafawah, ʿWein, Khar...
213
Iwannis Yuḥanon (d. 1755) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: George A. Kiraz URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Iwannis-Yuhanon
... ʿarraqiyya (a small cap worn under a turban to absorb sweat)’. His brother, ʿAbd  al-Karīm, and he became monks at Dayr al-Z... ... Dayro d-Mor Matay in 1743. Iwannis was sent to serve in Malankara ca. 1746. His bad  temper and mismanagement led to much trouble. He toured the churches in Ind... ...Shukrallāh of Aleppo who arrived in 1751. When the maph. witnessed Iwannis’s  bad  temper and harsh treatment of priests, he detained him in Cochin and sent h...
214
Iwannis of Dara John of Dara (fl. first half of 9th cent.) [Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Sebastian P. Brock URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Iwannis-of-Dara
Iwannis of  Dara  ... https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Iwannis-of Dara  http://syriaca.org/bibl/304 295 ... ...http://syriaca.org/bibl/304 295 John of Dara  http://syriaca.org/person/161 person Sy... ...s well as a commentary on the liturgy. John of Dara  (fl. first half of 9th cent.) [Syr. Orth.] Syr. author. The ci... ...Bodies, Priesthood (though this may be by Mushe bar  Kipho ), Paradise, Creation, the Divine Economy... ... J.  Sader, Le “De Oblatione” de Jean de  Dara  ... (CSCO 308–9; 1970). B.  Varghese, John of Dara , Commentary on the Eucharist (Moran Etho 12; 1999). (ET) ... ... SymSyr II, 267–93. J. Reller, ‘Iwannis von Dara 
215
Iyob of Edessa Job of Edessa, Ayyūb al-Ruhāwī (2nd half of 8th cent.ca. 835?) [Ch. of E. or Syr. Orth.]Contributor: Barbara H. Roggema URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Iyob-of-Edessa
...ge of the Abbasid family. Iyob was sent by al-Maʾmūn to Khurasan to serve as ʿAbd  Allāh b. Ṭāhir’s physician, when the latter became governor there in the ... ...ms unlikely that he would have been charged with such a task at the advanced age  of 70; his estimated year of birth, probably based solely on ... ...timated year of birth, probably based solely on  Bar  ʿEbroyo ’s reference to Iyob (Abbeloos and Lamy, Gr... ...rhebraei chronicon ecclesiasticum, vol. 2, 181) as someone living in the era  of Patr. Timotheos I ... ... , is therefore probably too early. In the same passage, Bar  ʿEbroyo calls Iyob a philosopher ‘who followed the doctrine of Nestorius’. ... ...to his conversion are lacking, and the possibility should be considered that Bar  ʿEbroyo’s claim is based on conjecture. There are no earlier sources that r... ...s were produced in a Syr. Orth. milieu. In his letter to ʿAlī  b. Yaḥyā b. al-Munajjim about the translations of Galen ... ...ks only two survive, the most important of which is the ‘Book of Treasures’  Ktābā  d-simātā). It deals with a wide range of natural phenomena which Iyob analy...
216
Iḥidāyā Contributor: Robert A. Kitchen URI: https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ihidaya
... Christ. In Aphrahaṭ, iḥidāyā functions as an equivalent of bar ba (r)t qyāmā ‘son/daughter of the covenant’ (see ... ba (r)t qyāmā ‘son/daughter of the covenant’ (see ... ...ness in the Syrian Orient. From Ignatius of Antioch to Chalcedon 451 A.D . (1993). S. P.  Brock, The luminous eye: The spiritual ...

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